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Browser interactions

1: Browser navigation
2: JavaScript alerts, prompts and confirmations
3: Working with cookies
4: Working with IFrames and frames
5: Print Page
6: Working with windows and tabs
7: Virtual Authenticator

Get browser information

Get title

You can read the current page title from the browser:

      String title = driver.getTitle();

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title = driver.title

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            String title = driver.Title;

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    current_title = driver.title

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    let title = await driver.getTitle();

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driver.title

Get current URL

You can read the current URL from the browser’s address bar using:

Move Code

      String url = driver.getCurrentUrl();

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title = driver.current_url

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            String url = driver.Url;

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    current_url = driver.current_url

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    let currentUrl = await driver.getCurrentUrl();

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driver.currentUrl

1 - Browser navigation

Navigate to

The first thing you will want to do after launching a browser is to open your website. This can be achieved in a single line:

        //Convenient
        driver.get("https://selenium.dev");
            
        //Longer way
        driver.navigate().to("https://selenium.dev");

View full example on GitHub

driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/index.html")

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            //Convenient
            driver.Url = "https://selenium.dev";
            //Longer
            driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://selenium.dev");

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    driver.navigate.to 'https://www.selenium.dev/'
    driver.get 'https://www.selenium.dev/'
    expect(driver.current_url).to eq 'https://www.selenium.dev/'

View full example on GitHub

        //Convenient
          await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev');
  
          //Longer way
          await driver.navigate().to("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/index.html");

View full example on GitHub

//Convenient
driver.get("https://selenium.dev")

//Longer way
driver.navigate().to("https://selenium.dev")

Back

Pressing the browser’s back button:

        //Back
        driver.navigate().back();

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driver.back()

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            //Back
             driver.Navigate().Back();

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    driver.navigate.back

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        //Back
          await driver.navigate().back();

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driver.navigate().back()

Forward

Pressing the browser’s forward button:

        //Forward
        driver.navigate().forward();

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driver.forward()

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            //Forward
             driver.Navigate().Forward();

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    driver.navigate.forward

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        //Forward
        await driver.navigate().forward();

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driver.navigate().forward()

Refresh

Refresh the current page:

        //Refresh
        driver.navigate().refresh();

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driver.refresh()

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            //Refresh
             driver.Navigate().Refresh();

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    driver.navigate.refresh

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        //Refresh
        await driver.navigate().refresh();

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driver.navigate().refresh()

2 - JavaScript alerts, prompts and confirmations

WebDriver provides an API for working with the three types of native popup messages offered by JavaScript. These popups are styled by the browser and offer limited customisation.

Alerts

The simplest of these is referred to as an alert, which shows a custom message, and a single button which dismisses the alert, labelled in most browsers as OK. It can also be dismissed in most browsers by pressing the close button, but this will always do the same thing as the OK button. See an example alert.

WebDriver can get the text from the popup and accept or dismiss these alerts.

Move Code

	         Alert alert=driver.switchTo().alert();
	         //Store the alert text in a variable and verify it
	         String text = alert.getText();
	         assertEquals(text,"Sample Alert"); 
	         //Press the OK button
	         alert.accept();

View full example on GitHub

    element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See an example alert")
    element.click()

    wait = WebDriverWait(driver, timeout=2)
    alert = wait.until(lambda d : d.switch_to.alert)
    text = alert.text
    alert.accept()

View full example on GitHub

//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See an example alert")).Click();

//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
IAlert alert = wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());

//Store the alert text in a variable
string text = alert.Text;

//Press the OK button
alert.Accept();

    # Store the alert reference in a variable
    alert = driver.switch_to.alert

    # Get the text of the alert
    alert.text

    # Press on Cancel button
    alert.dismiss

View full example on GitHub

            let alert = await driver.switchTo().alert();
            let alertText = await alert.getText();
            await alert.accept();

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//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See an example alert")).click()

//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
val alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())

//Store the alert text in a variable
val text = alert.getText()

//Press the OK button
alert.accept()

Confirm

A confirm box is similar to an alert, except the user can also choose to cancel the message. See a sample confirm.

This example also shows a different approach to storing an alert:

Move Code

	         alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
	         //Store the alert text in a variable and verify it
	         text = alert.getText();
	         assertEquals(text,"Are you sure?"); 
	         //Press the Cancel button
	         alert.dismiss();

View full example on GitHub

    element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See a sample confirm")
    driver.execute_script("arguments[0].click();", element)

    wait = WebDriverWait(driver, timeout=2)
    alert = wait.until(lambda d : d.switch_to.alert)
    text = alert.text
    alert.dismiss()

View full example on GitHub

//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See a sample confirm")).Click();

//Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());

//Store the alert in a variable
IAlert alert = driver.SwitchTo().Alert();

//Store the alert in a variable for reuse
string text = alert.Text;

//Press the Cancel button
alert.Dismiss();

    # Store the alert reference in a variable
    alert = driver.switch_to.alert

    # Get the text of the alert
    alert.text

    # Press on Cancel button
    alert.dismiss

View full example on GitHub

            let alert = await driver.switchTo().alert();
            let alertText = await alert.getText();
            // Verify

View full example on GitHub

//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample confirm")).click()

//Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())

//Store the alert in a variable
val alert = driver.switchTo().alert()

//Store the alert in a variable for reuse
val text = alert.text

//Press the Cancel button
alert.dismiss()

Prompt

Prompts are similar to confirm boxes, except they also include a text input. Similar to working with form elements, you can use WebDriver’s send keys to fill in a response. This will completely replace the placeholder text. Pressing the cancel button will not submit any text. See a sample prompt.

Move Code

             alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
	         //Store the alert text in a variable and verify it
	         text = alert.getText();
	         assertEquals(text,"What is your name?"); 
	         //Type your message
	         alert.sendKeys("Selenium");
	         //Press the OK button
	         alert.accept();

View full example on GitHub

    element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See a sample prompt")
    driver.execute_script("arguments[0].click();", element)

    wait = WebDriverWait(driver, timeout=2)
    alert = wait.until(lambda d : d.switch_to.alert)
    alert.send_keys("Selenium")
    text = alert.text
    alert.accept()

View full example on GitHub

//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See a sample prompt")).Click();

//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
IAlert alert = wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());

//Type your message
alert.SendKeys("Selenium");

//Press the OK button
alert.Accept();

    # Store the alert reference in a variable
    alert = driver.switch_to.alert

    # Type a message
    alert.send_keys('selenium')

    # Press on Ok button
    alert.accept

View full example on GitHub

            await driver.wait(until.alertIsPresent());
            let alert = await driver.switchTo().alert();
            //Type your message
            await alert.sendKeys(text);

View full example on GitHub

//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample prompt")).click()

//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
val alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())

//Type your message
alert.sendKeys("Selenium")

//Press the OK button
alert.accept()

3 - Working with cookies

A cookie is a small piece of data that is sent from a website and stored in your computer. Cookies are mostly used to recognise the user and load the stored information.

WebDriver API provides a way to interact with cookies with built-in methods:

It is used to add a cookie to the current browsing context. Add Cookie only accepts a set of defined serializable JSON object. Here is the link to the list of accepted JSON key values

First of all, you need to be on the domain that the cookie will be valid for. If you are trying to preset cookies before you start interacting with a site and your homepage is large / takes a while to load an alternative is to find a smaller page on the site (typically the 404 page is small, e.g. http://example.com/some404page)

Move Code

	      driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html");
	      // Add cookie into current browser context
	      driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("key", "value"));

View full example on GitHub

from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()

driver.get("http://www.example.com")

# Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.add_cookie({"name": "key", "value": "value"})

         driver.Url="https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html";
         // Add cookie into current browser context
         driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("key", "value"));

View full example on GitHub

require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome

begin
  driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
  
  # Adds the cookie into current browser context
  driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "key", value: "value")
ensure
  driver.quit
end

            await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'key', value: 'value' });

View full example on GitHub

import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver

fun main() {
    val driver = ChromeDriver()
    try {
        driver.get("https://example.com")

        // Adds the cookie into current browser context
        driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("key", "value"))
    } finally {
        driver.quit()
    }
}

It returns the serialized cookie data matching with the cookie name among all associated cookies.

Move Code

	        driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html");
	        // Add cookie into current browser context
	        driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("foo", "bar"));
	        // Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
	        Cookie cookie = driver.manage().getCookieNamed("foo");

View full example on GitHub

from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()

# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")

# Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo", "value": "bar"})

# Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
print(driver.get_cookie("foo"))

         driver.Url = "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html";
         // Add cookie into current browser context
         driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("foo", "bar"));
         // Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
         Cookie cookie = driver.Manage().Cookies.GetCookieNamed("foo");

View full example on GitHub

require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome

begin
  driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
  driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "foo", value: "bar")

  # Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
  puts driver.manage.cookie_named('foo')
ensure
  driver.quit
end

            // Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
            await driver.manage().getCookie('foo').then(function(cookie) {
                console.log('cookie details => ', cookie);
            });

View full example on GitHub

import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver

fun main() {
    val driver = ChromeDriver()
    try {
        driver.get("https://example.com")
        driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("foo", "bar"))

        // Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
        val cookie = driver.manage().getCookieNamed("foo")
        println(cookie)
    } finally {
        driver.quit()
    }
}

Get All Cookies

It returns a ‘successful serialized cookie data’ for current browsing context. If browser is no longer available it returns error.

Move Code

	        driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html");
	        // Add cookies into current browser context
	        driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
	        driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));
	        // Get cookies
	        Set<Cookie> cookies = driver.manage().getCookies();
	         for (Cookie cookie : cookies) {
	            if (cookie.getName().equals("test1")) {
	                Assertions.assertEquals(cookie.getValue(), "cookie1");
	            }

	            if (cookie.getName().equals("test2")) {
	                Assertions.assertEquals(cookie.getValue(), "cookie2");
	            }
	         }

View full example on GitHub

from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()

# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")

driver.add_cookie({"name": "test1", "value": "cookie1"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test2", "value": "cookie2"})

# Get all available cookies
print(driver.get_cookies())

         driver.Url = "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html";
         // Add cookies into current browser context
         driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
         driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));
         // Get cookies
         var cookies = driver.Manage().Cookies.AllCookies;
         foreach (var cookie in cookies){
             if (cookie.Name.Equals("test1")){
                 Assert.AreEqual("cookie1", cookie.Value);
             }
             if (cookie.Name.Equals("test2")){
                 Assert.AreEqual("cookie2", cookie.Value);
             }
         }

View full example on GitHub

require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome

begin
  driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
  driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test1", value: "cookie1")
  driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test2", value: "cookie2")

  # Get all available cookies
  puts driver.manage.all_cookies
ensure
  driver.quit
end

            await driver.manage().getCookies().then(function(cookies) {
                console.log('cookie details => ', cookies);
            });

View full example on GitHub

import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver

fun main() {
    val driver = ChromeDriver()
    try {
        driver.get("https://example.com")
        driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1", "cookie1"))
        driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test2", "cookie2"))

        // Get All available cookies
        val cookies = driver.manage().cookies
        println(cookies)
    } finally {
        driver.quit()
    }
}

It deletes the cookie data matching with the provided cookie name.

Move Code

	        driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html");
	        driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
	        // delete cookie named
	        driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("test1");

View full example on GitHub

from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()

# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test1", "value": "cookie1"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test2", "value": "cookie2"})

# Delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.delete_cookie("test1")

         driver.Url = "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html";
         driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
         // delete cookie named
         driver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteCookieNamed("test1");

View full example on GitHub

require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome

begin
  driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
  driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test1", value: "cookie1")
  driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test2", value: "cookie2")

  # delete a cookie with name 'test1'
  driver.manage.delete_cookie('test1')
ensure
  driver.quit
end

            // Delete a cookie with name 'test1'
            await driver.manage().deleteCookie('test1');

View full example on GitHub

import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver

fun main() {
    val driver = ChromeDriver()
    try {
        driver.get("https://example.com")
        driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1", "cookie1"))
        val cookie1 = Cookie("test2", "cookie2")
        driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1)

        // delete a cookie with name 'test1'
        driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("test1")
        
        // delete cookie by passing cookie object of current browsing context.
        driver.manage().deleteCookie(cookie1)
    } finally {
        driver.quit()
    }
}

Delete All Cookies

It deletes all the cookies of the current browsing context.

Move Code

	        driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html");
	        // Add cookies into current browser context
	        driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
	        driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));
	        // Delete All cookies
	        driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();

View full example on GitHub

from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()

# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test1", "value": "cookie1"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test2", "value": "cookie2"})

#  Deletes all cookies
driver.delete_all_cookies()

         driver.Url = "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html";
         // Add cookies into current browser context
         driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
         driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));
         // Delete All cookies
         driver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteAllCookies();

View full example on GitHub

require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome

begin
  driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
  driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test1", value: "cookie1")
  driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test2", value: "cookie2")

  # deletes all cookies
  driver.manage.delete_all_cookies
ensure
  driver.quit
end

            // Delete all cookies
            await driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();

View full example on GitHub

import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver

fun main() {
    val driver = ChromeDriver()
    try {
        driver.get("https://example.com")
        driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1", "cookie1"))
        driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test2", "cookie2"))

        // deletes all cookies
        driver.manage().deleteAllCookies()
    } finally {
        driver.quit()
    }
}

It allows a user to instruct browsers to control whether cookies are sent along with the request initiated by third party sites. It is introduced to prevent CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) attacks.

Same-Site cookie attribute accepts two parameters as instructions

Strict:

When the sameSite attribute is set as Strict, the cookie will not be sent along with requests initiated by third party websites.

Lax:

When you set a cookie sameSite attribute to Lax, the cookie will be sent along with the GET request initiated by third party website.

Note: As of now this feature is landed in chrome(80+version), Firefox(79+version) and works with Selenium 4 and later versions.

Move Code

import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;

public class cookieTest {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
    try {
      driver.get("http://www.example.com");
      Cookie cookie = new Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Strict").build();
      Cookie cookie1 = new Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Lax").build();
      driver.manage().addCookie(cookie);
      driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1);
      System.out.println(cookie.getSameSite());
      System.out.println(cookie1.getSameSite());
    } finally {
      driver.quit();
    }
  }
}

from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()

driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Adds the cookie into current browser context with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'
driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo", "value": "value", 'sameSite': 'Strict'})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo1", "value": "value", 'sameSite': 'Lax'})
cookie1 = driver.get_cookie('foo')
cookie2 = driver.get_cookie('foo1')
print(cookie1)
print(cookie2)

using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;

namespace SameSiteCookie {
  class SameSiteCookie {
    static void Main(string[] args) {
      IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
      try {
        driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");

        var cookie1Dictionary = new System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<string, object>() {
          { "name", "test1" }, { "value", "cookie1" }, { "sameSite", "Strict" } };
        var cookie1 = Cookie.FromDictionary(cookie1Dictionary);

        var cookie2Dictionary = new System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<string, object>() {
          { "name", "test2" }, { "value", "cookie2" }, { "sameSite", "Lax" } };
        var cookie2 = Cookie.FromDictionary(cookie2Dictionary);

        driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(cookie1);
        driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(cookie2);

        System.Console.WriteLine(cookie1.SameSite);
        System.Console.WriteLine(cookie2.SameSite);
      } finally {
        driver.Quit();
      }
    }
  }
}

require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome

begin
  driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
  # Adds the cookie into current browser context with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'
  driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "foo", value: "bar", same_site: "Strict")
  driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "foo1", value: "bar", same_site: "Lax")
  puts driver.manage.cookie_named('foo')
  puts driver.manage.cookie_named('foo1')
ensure
  driver.quit
end

            // set a cookie on the current domain with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'
            await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'key', value: 'value', sameSite: 'Strict' });
            await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'key', value: 'value', sameSite: 'Lax' });

View full example on GitHub

import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver

fun main() {
    val driver = ChromeDriver()
    try {
        driver.get("http://www.example.com")
        val cookie = Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Strict").build()
        val cookie1 = Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Lax").build()
        driver.manage().addCookie(cookie)
        driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1)
        println(cookie.getSameSite())
        println(cookie1.getSameSite())
    } finally {
        driver.quit()
    }
}

4 - Working with IFrames and frames

Frames are a now deprecated means of building a site layout from multiple documents on the same domain. You are unlikely to work with them unless you are working with an pre HTML5 webapp. Iframes allow the insertion of a document from an entirely different domain, and are still commonly used.

If you need to work with frames or iframes, WebDriver allows you to work with them in the same way. Consider a button within an iframe. If we inspect the element using the browser development tools, we might see the following:

<div id="modal">
  <iframe id="buttonframe" name="myframe"  src="https://seleniumhq.github.io">
   <button>Click here</button>
 </iframe>
</div>

If it was not for the iframe we would expect to click on the button using something like:

Move Code

//This won't work
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click();

    # This Wont work
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click()

//This won't work
driver.FindElement(By.TagName("button")).Click();

    # This won't work
driver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click

// This won't work
await driver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();

//This won't work
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()

However, if there are no buttons outside of the iframe, you might instead get a no such element error. This happens because Selenium is only aware of the elements in the top level document. To interact with the button, we will need to first switch to the frame, in a similar way to how we switch windows. WebDriver offers three ways of switching to a frame. Following example code shows how we can do that, using a live web example.

Using a WebElement

Switching using a WebElement is the most flexible option. You can find the frame using your preferred selector and switch to it.

Move Code

         //switch To IFrame using Web Element
         WebElement iframe = driver.findElement(By.id("iframe1"));
         //Switch to the frame
         driver.switchTo().frame(iframe);
         assertEquals(true, driver.getPageSource().contains("We Leave From Here"));
         //Now we can type text into email field
         WebElement emailE= driver.findElement(By.id("email"));
         emailE.sendKeys("admin@selenium.dev");
         emailE.clear();

View full example on GitHub

    # Store iframe web element
iframe = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#modal > iframe")

    # switch to selected iframe
driver.switch_to.frame(iframe)

    # Now click on button
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click()

            //switch To IFrame using Web Element
            IWebElement iframe = driver.FindElement(By.Id("iframe1"));
            //Switch to the frame
            driver.SwitchTo().Frame(iframe);
            Assert.AreEqual(true, driver.PageSource.Contains("We Leave From Here"));
            //Now we can type text into email field
            IWebElement emailE = driver.FindElement(By.Id("email"));
            emailE.SendKeys("admin@selenium.dev");
            emailE.Clear();

View full example on GitHub

    # Store iframe web element
iframe = driver.find_element(:css,'#modal > iframe')

    # Switch to the frame
driver.switch_to.frame iframe

    # Now, Click on the button
driver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click

// Store the web element
const iframe = driver.findElement(By.css('#modal > iframe'));

// Switch to the frame
await driver.switchTo().frame(iframe);

// Now we can click the button
await driver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();

//Store the web element
val iframe = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#modal>iframe"))

//Switch to the frame
driver.switchTo().frame(iframe)

//Now we can click the button
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()

Using a name or ID

If your frame or iframe has an id or name attribute, this can be used instead. If the name or ID is not unique on the page, then the first one found will be switched to.

Move Code

         //switch To IFrame using name or id
         driver.findElement(By.name("iframe1-name"));
         //Switch to the frame
         driver.switchTo().frame(iframe);
         assertEquals(true, driver.getPageSource().contains("We Leave From Here"));
         WebElement email=driver.findElement(By.id("email"));
         //Now we can type text into email field
         email.sendKeys("admin@selenium.dev");
         email.clear();

View full example on GitHub

    # Switch frame by id
driver.switch_to.frame('buttonframe')

    # Now, Click on the button
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click()

            //switch To IFrame using name or id
            driver.FindElement(By.Name("iframe1-name"));
            //Switch to the frame
            driver.SwitchTo().Frame(iframe);
            Assert.AreEqual(true, driver.PageSource.Contains("We Leave From Here"));
            IWebElement email = driver.FindElement(By.Id("email"));
            //Now we can type text into email field
            email.SendKeys("admin@selenium.dev");
            email.Clear();

View full example on GitHub

    # Switch by ID
driver.switch_to.frame 'buttonframe'

    # Now, Click on the button
driver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click

// Using the ID
await driver.switchTo().frame('buttonframe');

// Or using the name instead
await driver.switchTo().frame('myframe');

// Now we can click the button
await driver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();

//Using the ID
driver.switchTo().frame("buttonframe")

//Or using the name instead
driver.switchTo().frame("myframe")

//Now we can click the button
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()

Using an index

It is also possible to use the index of the frame, such as can be queried using window.frames in JavaScript.

Move Code

         //switch To IFrame using index
         driver.switchTo().frame(0);

View full example on GitHub

    # Switch to the second frame
driver.switch_to.frame(1)

            //switch To IFrame using index
            driver.SwitchTo().Frame(0);

View full example on GitHub

// Switches to the second frame
await driver.switchTo().frame(1);

// Switches to the second frame
driver.switchTo().frame(1)

Leaving a frame

To leave an iframe or frameset, switch back to the default content like so:

Move Code

         //leave frame
         driver.switchTo().defaultContent();

View full example on GitHub

    # switch back to default content
driver.switch_to.default_content()

            //leave frame
            driver.SwitchTo().DefaultContent();

View full example on GitHub

    # Return to the top level
driver.switch_to.default_content

// Return to the top level
await driver.switchTo().defaultContent();

// Return to the top level
driver.switchTo().defaultContent()

5 - Print Page

Printing a webpage is a common task, whether for sharing information or maintaining archives. Selenium simplifies this process through its PrintOptions, PrintsPage, and browsingContext classes, which provide a flexible and intuitive interface for automating the printing of web pages. These classes enable you to configure printing preferences, such as page layout, margins, and scaling, ensuring that the output meets your specific requirements.

Configuring

Orientation

Using the getOrientation() and setOrientation() methods, you can get/set the page orientation — either PORTRAIT or LANDSCAPE.

    public void TestOrientation() 
    {
        driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
        PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
        printOptions.setOrientation(PrintOptions.Orientation.LANDSCAPE);
        PrintOptions.Orientation current_orientation = printOptions.getOrientation();
    }

View full example on GitHub

        public void TestOrientation()
        {
            IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
            driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://selenium.dev");
            PrintOptions printOptions  = new PrintOptions();
            printOptions.Orientation = PrintOrientation.Landscape;
            PrintOrientation currentOrientation = printOptions.Orientation;
        }

View full example on GitHub

Implementation Missing

def test_orientation(driver):
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
    print_options = PrintOptions()
    print_options.orientation = "landscape" ## landscape or portrait
    assert print_options.orientation == "landscape"

View full example on GitHub

Implementation Missing

Range

Using the getPageRanges() and setPageRanges() methods, you can get/set the range of pages to print — e.g. “2-4”.

    public void TestRange() 
    {
        driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
        PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
        printOptions.setPageRanges("1-2");
        String[] current_range = printOptions.getPageRanges();
    }

View full example on GitHub

        public void TestRange()
        {
            IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
            driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://selenium.dev");
            PrintOptions printOptions  = new PrintOptions();
            printOptions.AddPageRangeToPrint("1-3"); // add range of pages
            printOptions.AddPageToPrint(5); // add individual page
        }

View full example on GitHub

Implementation Missing

def test_range(driver):
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
    print_options = PrintOptions()
    print_options.page_ranges = ["1, 2, 3"] ## ["1", "2", "3"] or ["1-3"]
    assert print_options.page_ranges == ["1, 2, 3"]

View full example on GitHub

Implementation Missing

Size

Using the getPaperSize() and setPaperSize() methods, you can get/set the paper size to print — e.g. “A0”, “A6”, “Legal”, “Tabloid”, etc.

    public void TestSize() 
    {
        driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
        PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
        printOptions.setScale(.50);
        double current_scale = printOptions.getScale();
    }

View full example on GitHub

        public void TestSize()
        {
            IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
            driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
            PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
            PrintOptions.PageSize currentDimensions = printOptions.PageDimensions;
        }

View full example on GitHub

Implementation Missing

def test_size(driver):
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
    print_options = PrintOptions()
    print_options.scale = 0.5 ## 0.1 to 2.0``
    assert print_options.scale == 0.5

View full example on GitHub

Implementation Missing

Margins

Using the getPageMargin() and setPageMargin() methods, you can set the margin sizes of the page you wish to print — i.e. top, bottom, left, and right margins.

    {
        driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
        PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
        PageMargin margins = new PageMargin(1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0);
        printOptions.setPageMargin(margins);
        double topMargin = margins.getTop();
        double bottomMargin = margins.getBottom();
        double leftMargin = margins.getLeft();
        double rightMargin = margins.getRight();
    }

View full example on GitHub

        public void TestMargins()
        {
            IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
            driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
            PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
            PrintOptions.Margins currentMargins = printOptions.PageMargins;
        }

View full example on GitHub

Implementation Missing

def test_margin(driver):
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
    print_options = PrintOptions()
    print_options.margin_top = 10
    print_options.margin_bottom = 10
    print_options.margin_left = 10
    print_options.margin_right = 10
    assert print_options.margin_top == 10
    assert print_options.margin_bottom == 10
    assert print_options.margin_left == 10
    assert print_options.margin_right == 10

View full example on GitHub

Implementation Missing

Scale

Using getScale() and setScale() methods, you can get/set the scale of the page you wish to print — e.g. 1.0 is 100% or default, 0.25 is 25%, etc.

    public void TestScale() 
    {
        driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
        PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
        printOptions.setScale(.50);
        double current_scale = printOptions.getScale();
    }

View full example on GitHub

        public void TestScale()
        {
            IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
            driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
            PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
            printOptions.ScaleFactor = 0.5;
            double currentScale = printOptions.ScaleFactor;
        }

View full example on GitHub

Implementation Missing

def test_scale(driver):
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
    print_options = PrintOptions()
    print_options.scale = 0.5 ## 0.1 to 2.0
    current_scale = print_options.scale
    assert current_scale == 0.5

View full example on GitHub

Implementation Missing

Background

Using getBackground() and setBackground() methods, you can get/set whether background colors and images appear — boolean true or false.

    public void TestBackground() 
    {
        driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
        PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
        printOptions.setBackground(true);
        boolean current_background = printOptions.getBackground();
    }

View full example on GitHub

        public void TestBackgrounds()
        {
            IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
            driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
            PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
            printOptions.OutputBackgroundImages = true;
            bool currentBackgrounds = printOptions.OutputBackgroundImages;
        }

View full example on GitHub

Implementation Missing

def test_background(driver):
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
    print_options = PrintOptions()
    print_options.background = True ## True or False
    assert print_options.background is True

View full example on GitHub

Implementation Missing

ShrinkToFit

Using getShrinkToFit() and setShrinkToFit() methods, you can get/set whether the page will shrink-to-fit content on the page — boolean true or false.

    public void TestShrinkToFit() 
    {
        driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
        PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
        printOptions.setShrinkToFit(true);
        boolean current_shrink_to_fit = printOptions.getShrinkToFit();
    }

View full example on GitHub

        public void TestShrinkToFit()
        {
            IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
            driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
            PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
            printOptions.ShrinkToFit = true;
            bool currentShrinkToFit = printOptions.ShrinkToFit;
        }

View full example on GitHub

Implementation Missing

def test_shrink_to_fit(driver):
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
    print_options = PrintOptions()
    print_options.shrink_to_fit = True ## True or False
    assert print_options.shrink_to_fit is True

View full example on GitHub

Implementation Missing

Printing

Once you’ve configured your PrintOptions, you’re ready to print the page. To do this, you can invoke the print function, which generates a PDF representation of the web page. The resulting PDF can be saved to your local storage for further use or distribution. Using PrintsPage(), the print command will return the PDF data in base64-encoded format, which can be decoded and written to a file in your desired location, and using BrowsingContext() will return a String.

There may currently be multiple implementations depending on your language of choice. For example, with Java you have the ability to print using either BrowingContext() or PrintsPage(). Both take PrintOptions() objects as a parameter.

Note: BrowsingContext() is part of Selenium’s BiDi implementation. To enable BiDi see Enabling Bidi

PrintsPage()

    public void PrintWithPrintsPageTest() 
    {
        driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
        PrintsPage printer = (PrintsPage) driver;
        PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
        Pdf printedPage = printer.print(printOptions);
        Assertions.assertNotNull(printedPage);
    }

View full example on GitHub

BrowsingContext()

    public void PrintWithBrowsingContextTest() 
    {
        BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
        driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/formPage.html");
        PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
        String printPage = browsingContext.print(printOptions);
        Assertions.assertTrue(printPage.length() > 0);
    }

View full example on GitHub

Implementation Missing

print_page()

def test_prints_page(driver):
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
    print_options = PrintOptions()
    pdf = driver.print_page(print_options)
    assert len(pdf) > 0

View full example on GitHub

Implementation Missing

6 - Working with windows and tabs

Windows and tabs

Get window handle

WebDriver does not make the distinction between windows and tabs. If your site opens a new tab or window, Selenium will let you work with it using a window handle. Each window has a unique identifier which remains persistent in a single session. You can get the window handle of the current window by using:

Move Code

        // Navigate to Url
        driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/window_switching_tests/page_with_frame.html");
        //fetch handle of this
        String currHandle=driver.getWindowHandle();
        assertNotNull(currHandle);

View full example on GitHub

driver.current_window_handle

View full example on GitHub

driver.window_handle

await driver.getWindowHandle();

driver.windowHandle

Switching windows or tabs

Clicking a link which opens in a new window will focus the new window or tab on screen, but WebDriver will not know which window the Operating System considers active. To work with the new window you will need to switch to it. For this, we fetch all window handles, and store them in an array. The array position fills in the order the window is launched. So first position will be default browser, and so on.

Move Code

        //click on link to open a new window
        driver.findElement(By.linkText("Open new window")).click();
        //fetch handles of all windows, there will be two, [0]- default, [1] - new window
        Object[] windowHandles=driver.getWindowHandles().toArray();
        driver.switchTo().window((String) windowHandles[1]);
        //assert on title of new window
        String title=driver.getTitle();
        assertEquals("Simple Page",title);

View full example on GitHub

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
    # Open URL
    driver.get("https://seleniumhq.github.io")

    # Setup wait for later
    wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)

    # Store the ID of the original window
    original_window = driver.current_window_handle

    # Check we don't have other windows open already
    assert len(driver.window_handles) == 1

    # Click the link which opens in a new window
    driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "new window").click()

    # Wait for the new window or tab
    wait.until(EC.number_of_windows_to_be(2))

    # Loop through until we find a new window handle
    for window_handle in driver.window_handles:
        if window_handle != original_window:
            driver.switch_to.window(window_handle)
            break

    # Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
    wait.until(EC.title_is("SeleniumHQ Browser Automation"))

View full example on GitHub

    # Store the ID of the original window
original_window = driver.window_handle

    # Check we don't have other windows open already
assert(driver.window_handles.length == 1, 'Expected one window')

    # Click the link which opens in a new window
driver.find_element(link: 'new window').click

    # Wait for the new window or tab
wait.until { driver.window_handles.length == 2 }

    #Loop through until we find a new window handle
driver.window_handles.each do |handle|
    if handle != original_window
        driver.switch_to.window handle
        break
    end
end

    #Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
wait.until { driver.title == 'Selenium documentation'}

//Store the ID of the original window
const originalWindow = await driver.getWindowHandle();

//Check we don't have other windows open already
assert((await driver.getAllWindowHandles()).length === 1);

//Click the link which opens in a new window
await driver.findElement(By.linkText('new window')).click();

//Wait for the new window or tab
await driver.wait(
    async () => (await driver.getAllWindowHandles()).length === 2,
    10000
  );

//Loop through until we find a new window handle
const windows = await driver.getAllWindowHandles();
windows.forEach(async handle => {
  if (handle !== originalWindow) {
    await driver.switchTo().window(handle);
  }
});

//Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
await driver.wait(until.titleIs('Selenium documentation'), 10000);

//Store the ID of the original window
val originalWindow = driver.getWindowHandle()

//Check we don't have other windows open already
assert(driver.getWindowHandles().size() === 1)

//Click the link which opens in a new window
driver.findElement(By.linkText("new window")).click()

//Wait for the new window or tab
wait.until(numberOfWindowsToBe(2))

//Loop through until we find a new window handle
for (windowHandle in driver.getWindowHandles()) {
    if (!originalWindow.contentEquals(windowHandle)) {
        driver.switchTo().window(windowHandle)
        break
    }
}

//Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
wait.until(titleIs("Selenium documentation"))

Closing a window or tab

When you are finished with a window or tab and it is not the last window or tab open in your browser, you should close it and switch back to the window you were using previously. Assuming you followed the code sample in the previous section you will have the previous window handle stored in a variable. Put this together and you will get:

Move Code

        //closing current window
        driver.close();
        //Switch back to the old tab or window
        driver.switchTo().window((String) windowHandles[0]);

View full example on GitHub

    #Close the tab or window
driver.close()

    #Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.switch_to.window(original_window)

View full example on GitHub

    #Close the tab or window
driver.close

    #Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.switch_to.window original_window

//Close the tab or window
await driver.close();

//Switch back to the old tab or window
await driver.switchTo().window(originalWindow);

//Close the tab or window
driver.close()

//Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.switchTo().window(originalWindow)

Forgetting to switch back to another window handle after closing a window will leave WebDriver executing on the now closed page, and will trigger a No Such Window Exception. You must switch back to a valid window handle in order to continue execution.

Create new window (or) new tab and switch

Creates a new window (or) tab and will focus the new window or tab on screen. You don’t need to switch to work with the new window (or) tab. If you have more than two windows (or) tabs opened other than the new window, you can loop over both windows or tabs that WebDriver can see, and switch to the one which is not the original.

Note: This feature works with Selenium 4 and later versions.

Move Code

        //Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
        driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB);
        assertEquals("",driver.getTitle());
        
        //Opens a new window and switches to new window
        driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW);
        assertEquals("",driver.getTitle());

View full example on GitHub

    # Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.switch_to.new_window('tab')

    # Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.switch_to.new_window('window')

View full example on GitHub

Opens a new tab and switches to new tab:

    driver.switch_to.new_window(:tab)

View full example on GitHub

Opens a new window and switches to new window:

    driver.switch_to.new_window(:window)

View full example on GitHub

Opens a new tab and switches to new tab

View full example on GitHub

Opens a new window and switches to new window:

View full example on GitHub

// Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB)

// Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW)

Quitting the browser at the end of a session

When you are finished with the browser session you should call quit, instead of close:

Move Code

        //quitting driver
        driver.quit(); //close all windows

View full example on GitHub

driver.quit()

View full example on GitHub

driver.quit

await driver.quit();

driver.quit()

Quit will:
- Close all the windows and tabs associated with that WebDriver session
- Close the browser process
- Close the background driver process
- Notify Selenium Grid that the browser is no longer in use so it can be used by another session (if you are using Selenium Grid)

Failure to call quit will leave extra background processes and ports running on your machine which could cause you problems later.

Some test frameworks offer methods and annotations which you can hook into to tear down at the end of a test.

Move Code

/**
 * Example using JUnit
 * https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/api/org/junit/jupiter/api/AfterAll.html
 */
@AfterAll
public static void tearDown() {
    driver.quit();
}

    # unittest teardown
    # https://docs.python.org/3/library/unittest.html?highlight=teardown#unittest.TestCase.tearDown
def tearDown(self):
    self.driver.quit()

/*
    Example using Visual Studio's UnitTesting
    https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/microsoft.visualstudio.testtools.unittesting.aspx
*/
[TestCleanup]
public void TearDown()
{
    driver.Quit();
}

    # UnitTest Teardown
    # https://www.rubydoc.info/github/test-unit/test-unit/Test/Unit/TestCase
def teardown
    @driver.quit
end

/**
 * Example using Mocha
 * https://mochajs.org/#hooks
 */
after('Tear down', async function () {
  await driver.quit();
});

/**
 * Example using JUnit
 * https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/api/org/junit/jupiter/api/AfterAll.html
 */
@AfterAll
fun tearDown() {
    driver.quit()
}

If not running WebDriver in a test context, you may consider using try / finally which is offered by most languages so that an exception will still clean up the WebDriver session.

Move Code

try {
    //WebDriver code here...
} finally {
    driver.quit();
}

try:
    #WebDriver code here...
finally:
    driver.quit()

try {
    //WebDriver code here...
} finally {
    driver.Quit();
}

begin
    #WebDriver code here...
ensure
    driver.quit
end

try {
    //WebDriver code here...
} finally {
    await driver.quit();
}

try {
    //WebDriver code here...
} finally {
    driver.quit()
}

Python’s WebDriver now supports the python context manager, which when using the with keyword can automatically quit the driver at the end of execution.

with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
  # WebDriver code here...

# WebDriver will automatically quit after indentation

Window management

Screen resolution can impact how your web application renders, so WebDriver provides mechanisms for moving and resizing the browser window.

Get window size

Fetches the size of the browser window in pixels.

Move Code

//Access each dimension individually
int width = driver.manage().window().getSize().getWidth();
int height = driver.manage().window().getSize().getHeight();

//Or store the dimensions and query them later
Dimension size = driver.manage().window().getSize();
int width1 = size.getWidth();
int height1 = size.getHeight();

    # Access each dimension individually
width = driver.get_window_size().get("width")
height = driver.get_window_size().get("height")

    # Or store the dimensions and query them later
size = driver.get_window_size()
width1 = size.get("width")
height1 = size.get("height")

//Access each dimension individually
int width = driver.Manage().Window.Size.Width;
int height = driver.Manage().Window.Size.Height;

//Or store the dimensions and query them later
System.Drawing.Size size = driver.Manage().Window.Size;
int width1 = size.Width;
int height1 = size.Height;

    # Access each dimension individually
width = driver.manage.window.size.width
height = driver.manage.window.size.height

    # Or store the dimensions and query them later
size = driver.manage.window.size
width1 = size.width
height1 = size.height

Access each dimension individually

View full example on GitHub

(or) store the dimensions and query them later

View full example on GitHub

//Access each dimension individually
val width = driver.manage().window().size.width
val height = driver.manage().window().size.height

//Or store the dimensions and query them later
val size = driver.manage().window().size
val width1 = size.width
val height1 = size.height

Set window size

Restores the window and sets the window size.

Move Code

driver.manage().window().setSize(new Dimension(1024, 768));

driver.set_window_size(1024, 768)

driver.Manage().Window.Size = new Size(1024, 768);

driver.manage.window.resize_to(1024,768)

await driver.manage().window().setRect({ width: 1024, height: 768 });

driver.manage().window().size = Dimension(1024, 768)

Get window position

Fetches the coordinates of the top left coordinate of the browser window.

Move Code

// Access each dimension individually
int x = driver.manage().window().getPosition().getX();
int y = driver.manage().window().getPosition().getY();

// Or store the dimensions and query them later
Point position = driver.manage().window().getPosition();
int x1 = position.getX();
int y1 = position.getY();

    # Access each dimension individually
x = driver.get_window_position().get('x')
y = driver.get_window_position().get('y')

    # Or store the dimensions and query them later
position = driver.get_window_position()
x1 = position.get('x')
y1 = position.get('y')

//Access each dimension individually
int x = driver.Manage().Window.Position.X;
int y = driver.Manage().Window.Position.Y;

//Or store the dimensions and query them later
Point position = driver.Manage().Window.Position;
int x1 = position.X;
int y1 = position.Y;

    #Access each dimension individually
x = driver.manage.window.position.x
y = driver.manage.window.position.y

    # Or store the dimensions and query them later
rect  = driver.manage.window.rect
x1 = rect.x
y1 = rect.y

Access each dimension individually

View full example on GitHub

(or) store the dimensions and query them later

View full example on GitHub

// Access each dimension individually
val x = driver.manage().window().position.x
val y = driver.manage().window().position.y

// Or store the dimensions and query them later
val position = driver.manage().window().position
val x1 = position.x
val y1 = position.y

Set window position

Moves the window to the chosen position.

Move Code

// Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
driver.manage().window().setPosition(new Point(0, 0));

    # Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
driver.set_window_position(0, 0)

// Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
driver.Manage().Window.Position = new Point(0, 0);

driver.manage.window.move_to(0,0)

// Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
await driver.manage().window().setRect({ x: 0, y: 0 });

// Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
driver.manage().window().position = Point(0,0)

Maximize window

Enlarges the window. For most operating systems, the window will fill the screen, without blocking the operating system’s own menus and toolbars.

Move Code

driver.manage().window().maximize();

driver.maximize_window()

driver.Manage().Window.Maximize();

driver.manage.window.maximize

await driver.manage().window().maximize();

driver.manage().window().maximize()

Minimize window

Minimizes the window of current browsing context. The exact behavior of this command is specific to individual window managers.

Minimize Window typically hides the window in the system tray.

Note: This feature works with Selenium 4 and later versions.

Move Code

driver.manage().window().minimize();

driver.minimize_window()

driver.Manage().Window.Minimize();

driver.manage.window.minimize

await driver.manage().window().minimize();

driver.manage().window().minimize()

Fullscreen window

Fills the entire screen, similar to pressing F11 in most browsers.

Move Code

driver.manage().window().fullscreen();

driver.fullscreen_window()

driver.Manage().Window.FullScreen();

driver.manage.window.full_screen

await driver.manage().window().fullscreen();

driver.manage().window().fullscreen()

TakeScreenshot

Used to capture screenshot for current browsing context. The WebDriver endpoint screenshot returns screenshot which is encoded in Base64 format.

Move Code

import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.io.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;

public class SeleniumTakeScreenshot {
    public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
        driver.get("http://www.example.com");
        File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
        FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("./image.png"));
        driver.quit();
    }
}

from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()

driver.get("http://www.example.com")

    # Returns and base64 encoded string into image
driver.save_screenshot('./image.png')

driver.quit()

  using OpenQA.Selenium;
  using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
  using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;

  var driver = new ChromeDriver();
  driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");
  Screenshot screenshot = (driver as ITakesScreenshot).GetScreenshot();
  screenshot.SaveAsFile("screenshot.png", ScreenshotImageFormat.Png); // Format values are Bmp, Gif, Jpeg, Png, Tiff

require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome

begin
  driver.get 'https://example.com/'

    # Takes and Stores the screenshot in specified path
  driver.save_screenshot('./image.png')

end

View full example on GitHub

import com.oracle.tools.packager.IOUtils.copyFile
import org.openqa.selenium.*
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import java.io.File

fun main(){
    val driver =  ChromeDriver()
    driver.get("https://www.example.com")
    val scrFile = (driver as TakesScreenshot).getScreenshotAs<File>(OutputType.FILE)
    copyFile(scrFile, File("./image.png"))
    driver.quit()
}

TakeElementScreenshot

Used to capture screenshot of an element for current browsing context. The WebDriver endpoint screenshot returns screenshot which is encoded in Base64 format.

Move Code

import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;

public class SeleniumelementTakeScreenshot {
  public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
    driver.get("https://www.example.com");
    WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"));
    File scrFile = element.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
    FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("./image.png"));
    driver.quit();
  }
}

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

driver = webdriver.Chrome()

driver.get("http://www.example.com")

ele = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'h1')

    # Returns and base64 encoded string into image
ele.screenshot('./image.png')

driver.quit()

    using OpenQA.Selenium;
    using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
    using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;

    // Webdriver
    var driver = new ChromeDriver();
    driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");

    // Fetch element using FindElement
    var webElement = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("h1"));

    // Screenshot for the element
    var elementScreenshot = (webElement as ITakesScreenshot).GetScreenshot();
    elementScreenshot.SaveAsFile("screenshot_of_element.png");

    # Works with Selenium4-alpha7 Ruby bindings and above
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome

begin
  driver.get 'https://example.com/'
  ele = driver.find_element(:css, 'h1')

    # Takes and Stores the element screenshot in specified path
  ele.save_screenshot('./image.jpg')
end

View full example on GitHub

import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.*
import java.io.File

fun main() {
    val driver = ChromeDriver()
    driver.get("https://www.example.com")
    val element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"))
    val scrFile: File = element.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE)
    FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, File("./image.png"))
    driver.quit()
}

Execute Script

Executes JavaScript code snippet in the current context of a selected frame or window.

Move Code

    //Creating the JavascriptExecutor interface object by Type casting
      JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;
    //Button Element
      WebElement button =driver.findElement(By.name("btnLogin"));
    //Executing JavaScript to click on element
      js.executeScript("arguments[0].click();", button);
    //Get return value from script
      String text = (String) js.executeScript("return arguments[0].innerText", button);
    //Executing JavaScript directly
      js.executeScript("console.log('hello world')");

    # Stores the header element
header = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "h1")

    # Executing JavaScript to capture innerText of header element
driver.execute_script('return arguments[0].innerText', header)

	//creating Chromedriver instance
	IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
	//Creating the JavascriptExecutor interface object by Type casting
	IJavaScriptExecutor js = (IJavaScriptExecutor) driver;
	//Button Element
	IWebElement button = driver.FindElement(By.Name("btnLogin"));
	//Executing JavaScript to click on element
	js.ExecuteScript("arguments[0].click();", button);
	//Get return value from script
	String text = (String)js.ExecuteScript("return arguments[0].innerText", button);
	//Executing JavaScript directly
	js.ExecuteScript("console.log('hello world')");

    # Stores the header element
header = driver.find_element(css: 'h1')

    # Get return value from script
result = driver.execute_script("return arguments[0].innerText", header)

    # Executing JavaScript directly
driver.execute_script("alert('hello world')")

View full example on GitHub

// Stores the header element
val header = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"))

// Get return value from script
val result = driver.executeScript("return arguments[0].innerText", header)

// Executing JavaScript directly
driver.executeScript("alert('hello world')")

Print Page

Prints the current page within the browser.

Note: This requires Chromium Browsers to be in headless mode

Move Code

    import org.openqa.selenium.print.PrintOptions;

    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev");
    printer = (PrintsPage) driver;

    PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
    printOptions.setPageRanges("1-2");

    Pdf pdf = printer.print(printOptions);
    String content = pdf.getContent();

    from selenium.webdriver.common.print_page_options import PrintOptions

    print_options = PrintOptions()
    print_options.page_ranges = ['1-2']

    driver.get("printPage.html")

    base64code = driver.print_page(print_options)

    // code sample not available please raise a PR

    driver.navigate_to 'https://www.selenium.dev'

    base64encodedContent = driver.print_page(orientation: 'landscape')

    await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/alerts.html');
      let base64 = await driver.printPage({pageRanges: ["1-2"]});
      // page can be saved as a PDF as below
      // await fs.writeFileSync('./test.pdf', base64, 'base64');

View full example on GitHub

    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev")
    val printer = driver as PrintsPage

    val printOptions = PrintOptions()
    printOptions.setPageRanges("1-2")
    
    val pdf: Pdf = printer.print(printOptions)
    val content = pdf.content

7 - Virtual Authenticator

A representation of the Web Authenticator model.

Web applications can enable a public key-based authentication mechanism known as Web Authentication to authenticate users in a passwordless manner. Web Authentication defines APIs that allows a user to create a public-key credential and register it with an authenticator. An authenticator can be a hardware device or a software entity that stores user’s public-key credentials and retrieves them on request.

As the name suggests, Virtual Authenticator emulates such authenticators for testing.

Virtual Authenticator Options

A Virtual Authenticatior has a set of properties. These properties are mapped as VirtualAuthenticatorOptions in the Selenium bindings.

    VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
      .setIsUserVerified(true)
      .setHasUserVerification(true)
      .setIsUserConsenting(true)
      .setTransport(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Transport.USB)
      .setProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
      .setHasResidentKey(false);

View full example on GitHub

            // Create virtual authenticator options
            VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
                .SetIsUserVerified(true)
                .SetHasUserVerification(true)
                .SetIsUserConsenting(true)
                .SetTransport(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Transport.USB)
                .SetProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
                .SetHasResidentKey(false);

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

    options = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
    options.is_user_verified = True
    options.has_user_verification = True
    options.is_user_consenting = True
    options.transport = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Transport.USB
    options.protocol = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F
    options.has_resident_key = False

View full example on GitHub

      options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions();
      options.setIsUserVerified(true);
      options.setHasUserVerification(true);
      options.setIsUserConsenting(true);
      options.setTransport(Transport['USB']);
      options.setProtocol(Protocol['U2F']);
      options.setHasResidentKey(false);

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

Add Virtual Authenticator

It creates a new virtual authenticator with the provided properties.

    VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
      .setProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
      .setHasResidentKey(false);

    VirtualAuthenticator authenticator =
      ((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(options);

View full example on GitHub

            // Create virtual authenticator options
            VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
                .SetProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
                .SetHasResidentKey(false);

            // Register a virtual authenticator
            ((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(options);

            List<Credential> credentialList = ((WebDriver)driver).GetCredentials();

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

    options = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
    options.protocol = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F
    options.has_resident_key = False

    # Register a virtual authenticator
    driver.add_virtual_authenticator(options)

View full example on GitHub

            options.setProtocol(Protocol['U2F']);
            options.setHasResidentKey(false);

            // Register a virtual authenticator
            await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

Remove Virtual Authenticator

Removes the previously added virtual authenticator.

    ((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).removeVirtualAuthenticator(authenticator);

View full example on GitHub

            VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
                .SetProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
                .SetHasResidentKey(false);

            String virtualAuthenticatorId = ((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(options);

            ((WebDriver)driver).RemoveVirtualAuthenticator(virtualAuthenticatorId);

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

    options = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()

    # Register a virtual authenticator
    driver.add_virtual_authenticator(options)

    # Remove virtual authenticator
    driver.remove_virtual_authenticator()

View full example on GitHub

            await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
            await driver.removeVirtualAuthenticator();

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

Create Resident Credential

Creates a resident (stateful) credential with the given required credential parameters.

    byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
    byte[] userHandle = {1};
    Credential residentCredential = Credential.createResidentCredential(
      credentialId, "localhost", rsaPrivateKey, userHandle, /*signCount=*/0);

View full example on GitHub

            byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
            byte[] userHandle = { 1 };

            Credential residentCredential = Credential.CreateResidentCredential(
              credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedPK, userHandle, 0);

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

    options = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
    options.protocol = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.CTAP2
    options.has_resident_key = True
    options.has_user_verification = True
    options.is_user_verified = True

    # Register a virtual authenticator
    driver.add_virtual_authenticator(options)

    # parameters for Resident Credential
    credential_id = bytearray({1, 2, 3, 4})
    rp_id = "localhost"
    user_handle = bytearray({1})
    privatekey = urlsafe_b64decode(BASE64__ENCODED_PK)
    sign_count = 0

    # create a  resident credential using above parameters
    resident_credential = Credential.create_resident_credential(credential_id, rp_id, user_handle, privatekey, sign_count)

View full example on GitHub

            options.setProtocol(Protocol['CTAP2']);
            options.setHasResidentKey(true);
            options.setHasUserVerification(true);
            options.setIsUserVerified(true);

            await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);

            let residentCredential = new Credential().createResidentCredential(
                new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4]),
                'localhost',
                new Uint8Array([1]),
                Buffer.from(BASE64_ENCODED_PK, 'base64').toString('binary'),
                0);

            await driver.addCredential(residentCredential);

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

Create Non-Resident Credential

Creates a resident (stateless) credential with the given required credential parameters.

    byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
    Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.createNonResidentCredential(
      credentialId, "localhost", ec256PrivateKey, /*signCount=*/0);

View full example on GitHub

            byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };

            Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.CreateNonResidentCredential(
              credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedEC256PK, 0);

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

            let nonResidentCredential = new Credential().createNonResidentCredential(
                new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4]),
                'localhost',
                Buffer.from(base64EncodedPK, 'base64').toString('binary'),
                0);

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

Add Credential

Registers the credential with the authenticator.

    VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
      .setProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
      .setHasResidentKey(false);

    VirtualAuthenticator authenticator = ((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(options);

    byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
    Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.createNonResidentCredential(
      credentialId, "localhost", ec256PrivateKey, /*signCount=*/0);
    authenticator.addCredential(nonResidentCredential);

View full example on GitHub

            VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
                .SetProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
                .SetHasResidentKey(false);

            ((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(options);

            byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };

            Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.CreateNonResidentCredential(
              credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedEC256PK, 0);

            ((WebDriver)driver).AddCredential(nonResidentCredential);

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

            options.setProtocol(Protocol['U2F']);
            options.setHasResidentKey(false);

            await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);

            let nonResidentCredential = new Credential().createNonResidentCredential(
                new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4]),
                'localhost',
                Buffer.from(base64EncodedPK, 'base64').toString('binary'),
                0);

            await driver.addCredential(nonResidentCredential);

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

Get Credential

Returns the list of credentials owned by the authenticator.

    VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
      .setProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.CTAP2)
      .setHasResidentKey(true)
      .setHasUserVerification(true)
      .setIsUserVerified(true);
    VirtualAuthenticator authenticator = ((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(options);

    byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
    byte[] userHandle = {1};
    Credential residentCredential = Credential.createResidentCredential(
      credentialId, "localhost", rsaPrivateKey, userHandle, /*signCount=*/0);

    authenticator.addCredential(residentCredential);

    List<Credential> credentialList = authenticator.getCredentials();

View full example on GitHub

            VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
                .SetProtocol(Protocol.CTAP2)
                .SetHasResidentKey(true)
                .SetHasUserVerification(true)
                .SetIsUserVerified(true);

            ((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(options);

            byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
            byte[] userHandle = { 1 };

            Credential residentCredential = Credential.CreateResidentCredential(
              credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedPK, userHandle, 0);

            ((WebDriver)driver).AddCredential(residentCredential);

            List<Credential> credentialList = ((WebDriver)driver).GetCredentials();

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

            options.setProtocol(Protocol['CTAP2']);
            options.setHasResidentKey(true);
            options.setHasUserVerification(true);
            options.setIsUserVerified(true);

            await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);

            let residentCredential = new Credential().createResidentCredential(
                new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4]),
                'localhost',
                new Uint8Array([1]),
                Buffer.from(BASE64_ENCODED_PK, 'base64').toString('binary'),
                0);

            await driver.addCredential(residentCredential);

            let credentialList = await driver.getCredentials();

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

Remove Credential

Removes a credential from the authenticator based on the passed credential id.

    VirtualAuthenticator authenticator =
      ((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions());

    byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
    Credential credential = Credential.createNonResidentCredential(
      credentialId, "localhost", rsaPrivateKey, 0);

    authenticator.addCredential(credential);

    authenticator.removeCredential(credentialId);

View full example on GitHub

            ((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions());

            byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };

            Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.CreateNonResidentCredential(
              credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedEC256PK, 0);

            ((WebDriver)driver).AddCredential(nonResidentCredential);

            ((WebDriver)driver).RemoveCredential(credentialId);

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

Remove All Credentials

Removes all the credentials from the authenticator.

    VirtualAuthenticator authenticator =
      ((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions());

    byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
    Credential residentCredential = Credential.createNonResidentCredential(
      credentialId, "localhost", rsaPrivateKey, /*signCount=*/0);

    authenticator.addCredential(residentCredential);

    authenticator.removeAllCredentials();

View full example on GitHub

            ((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions());

            byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };

            Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.CreateNonResidentCredential(
              credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedEC256PK, 0);

            ((WebDriver)driver).AddCredential(nonResidentCredential);

            ((WebDriver)driver).RemoveAllCredentials();

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

            await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);

            let nonResidentCredential = new Credential().createNonResidentCredential(
                new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4]),
                'localhost',
                Buffer.from(BASE64_ENCODED_PK, 'base64').toString('binary'),
                0);

            await driver.addCredential(nonResidentCredential);
            driver.removeAllCredentials();

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

Set User Verified

Sets whether the authenticator will simulate success or fail on user verification.

    VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
      .setIsUserVerified(true);

View full example on GitHub

            VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
                .SetIsUserVerified(true);

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

}, { browsers: [Browser.CHROME]});

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

Browser interactions

Get browser information

Get title

Get current URL

1 - Browser navigation

Navigate to

Back

Forward

Refresh

2 - JavaScript alerts, prompts and confirmations

Alerts

Confirm

Prompt

3 - Working with cookies

Add Cookie

Get Named Cookie

Get All Cookies

Delete Cookie

Delete All Cookies

Same-Site Cookie Attribute

Strict:

Lax:

4 - Working with IFrames and frames

Using a WebElement

Using a name or ID

Using an index

Leaving a frame

5 - Print Page

Configuring

Orientation

Range

Size

Margins

Scale

Background

ShrinkToFit

Printing

6 - Working with windows and tabs

Windows and tabs

Get window handle

Switching windows or tabs

Closing a window or tab

Create new window (or) new tab and switch

Quitting the browser at the end of a session

Window management

Get window size

Set window size

Get window position

Set window position

Maximize window

Minimize window

Fullscreen window

TakeScreenshot

TakeElementScreenshot

Execute Script

Print Page

7 - Virtual Authenticator

Virtual Authenticator Options

Add Virtual Authenticator

Remove Virtual Authenticator

Create Resident Credential

Create Non-Resident Credential

Add Credential

Get Credential

Remove Credential

Remove All Credentials

Set User Verified

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