@Overrideprotectedvoidload(){driver.get("https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/issues/new?assignees=&labels=I-defect%2Cneeds-triaging&projects=&template=bug-report.yml&title=%5B%F0%9F%90%9B+Bug%5D%3A+");}@OverrideprotectedvoidisLoaded()throwsError{Stringurl=driver.getCurrentUrl();assertTrue("Not on the issue entry page: "+url,url.endsWith("/new"));}
packagecom.example.webdriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.By;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebElement;importorg.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy;importorg.openqa.selenium.support.PageFactory;import staticjunit.framework.Assert.assertTrue;publicclassEditIssueextendsLoadableComponent<EditIssue>{privatefinalWebDriverdriver;// By default the PageFactory will locate elements with the same name or id// as the field. Since the issue_title element has an id attribute of "issue_title"// we don't need any additional annotations.privateWebElementissue_title;// But we'd prefer a different name in our code than "issue_body", so we use the// FindBy annotation to tell the PageFactory how to locate the element.@FindBy(id="issue_body")privateWebElementbody;publicEditIssue(WebDriverdriver){this.driver=driver;// This call sets the WebElement fields.PageFactory.initElements(driver,this);}@Overrideprotectedvoidload(){driver.get("https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/issues/new?assignees=&labels=I-defect%2Cneeds-triaging&projects=&template=bug-report.yml&title=%5B%F0%9F%90%9B+Bug%5D%3A+");}@OverrideprotectedvoidisLoaded()throwsError{Stringurl=driver.getCurrentUrl();assertTrue("Not on the issue entry page: "+url,url.endsWith("/new"));}publicvoidsetHowToReproduce(StringhowToReproduce){WebElementfield=driver.findElement(By.id("issue_form_repro-command"));clearAndType(field,howToReproduce);}publicvoidsetLogOutput(StringlogOutput){WebElementfield=driver.findElement(By.id("issue_form_logs"));clearAndType(field,logOutput);}publicvoidsetOperatingSystem(StringoperatingSystem){WebElementfield=driver.findElement(By.id("issue_form_operating-system"));clearAndType(field,operatingSystem);}publicvoidsetSeleniumVersion(StringseleniumVersion){WebElementfield=driver.findElement(By.id("issue_form_selenium-version"));clearAndType(field,logOutput);}publicvoidsetBrowserVersion(StringbrowserVersion){WebElementfield=driver.findElement(By.id("issue_form_browser-versions"));clearAndType(field,browserVersion);}publicvoidsetDriverVersion(StringdriverVersion){WebElementfield=driver.findElement(By.id("issue_form_browser-driver-versions"));clearAndType(field,driverVersion);}publicvoidsetUsingGrid(StringusingGrid){WebElementfield=driver.findElement(By.id("issue_form_selenium-grid-version"));clearAndType(field,usingGrid);}publicIssueListsubmit(){driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("button[type='submit']")).click();returnnewIssueList(driver);}privatevoidclearAndType(WebElementfield,Stringtext){field.clear();field.sendKeys(text);}}
packagecom.example.webdriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.By;importorg.openqa.selenium.NoSuchElementException;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebElement;import staticorg.junit.Assert.fail;publicclassSecuredPageextendsLoadableComponent<SecuredPage>{privatefinalWebDriverdriver;privatefinalLoadableComponent<?>parent;privatefinalStringusername;privatefinalStringpassword;publicSecuredPage(WebDriverdriver,LoadableComponent<?>parent,Stringusername,Stringpassword){this.driver=driver;this.parent=parent;this.username=username;this.password=password;}@Overrideprotectedvoidload(){parent.get();StringoriginalUrl=driver.getCurrentUrl();// Sign indriver.get("https://www.google.com/accounts/ServiceLogin?service=code");driver.findElement(By.name("Email")).sendKeys(username);WebElementpasswordField=driver.findElement(By.name("Passwd"));passwordField.sendKeys(password);passwordField.submit();// Now return to the original URLdriver.get(originalUrl);}@OverrideprotectedvoidisLoaded()throwsError{// If you're signed in, you have the option of picking a different login.// Let's check for the presence of that.try{WebElementdiv=driver.findElement(By.id("multilogin-dropdown"));}catch(NoSuchElementExceptione){fail("Cannot locate user name link");}}}
publicclassActionBot{privatefinalWebDriverdriver;publicActionBot(WebDriverdriver){this.driver=driver;}publicvoidclick(Bylocator){driver.findElement(locator).click();}publicvoidsubmit(Bylocator){driver.findElement(locator).submit();}/**
* Type something into an input field. WebDriver doesn't normally clear these
* before typing, so this method does that first. It also sends a return key
* to move the focus out of the element.
*/publicvoidtype(Bylocator,Stringtext){WebElementelement=driver.findElement(locator);element.clear();element.sendKeys(text+"\n");}}
// Create a user who has read-only permissions--they can configure a unicorn,// but they do not have payment information set up, nor do they have// administrative privileges. At the time the user is created, its email// address and password are randomly generated--you don't even need to// know them.Useruser=UserFactory.createCommonUser();//This method is defined elsewhere.// Log in as this user.// Logging in on this site takes you to your personal "My Account" page, so the// AccountPage object is returned by the loginAs method, allowing you to then// perform actions from the AccountPage.AccountPageaccountPage=loginAs(user.getEmail(),user.getPassword());
# Create a user who has read-only permissions--they can configure a unicorn,# but they do not have payment information set up, nor do they have# administrative privileges. At the time the user is created, its email# address and password are randomly generated--you don't even need to# know them.user=user_factory.create_common_user()#This method is defined elsewhere.# Log in as this user.# Logging in on this site takes you to your personal "My Account" page, so the# AccountPage object is returned by the loginAs method, allowing you to then# perform actions from the AccountPage.account_page=login_as(user.get_email(),user.get_password())
// Create a user who has read-only permissions--they can configure a unicorn,// but they do not have payment information set up, nor do they have// administrative privileges. At the time the user is created, its email// address and password are randomly generated--you don't even need to// know them.Useruser=UserFactory.CreateCommonUser();//This method is defined elsewhere.// Log in as this user.// Logging in on this site takes you to your personal "My Account" page, so the// AccountPage object is returned by the loginAs method, allowing you to then// perform actions from the AccountPage.AccountPageaccountPage=LoginAs(user.Email,user.Password);
# Create a user who has read-only permissions--they can configure a unicorn,# but they do not have payment information set up, nor do they have# administrative privileges. At the time the user is created, its email# address and password are randomly generated--you don't even need to# know them.user=UserFactory.create_common_user#This method is defined elsewhere.# Log in as this user.# Logging in on this site takes you to your personal "My Account" page, so the# AccountPage object is returned by the loginAs method, allowing you to then# perform actions from the AccountPage.account_page=login_as(user.email,user.password)
// Create a user who has read-only permissions--they can configure a unicorn,
// but they do not have payment information set up, nor do they have
// administrative privileges. At the time the user is created, its email
// address and password are randomly generated--you don't even need to
// know them.
varuser=userFactory.createCommonUser();//This method is defined elsewhere.
// Log in as this user.
// Logging in on this site takes you to your personal "My Account" page, so the
// AccountPage object is returned by the loginAs method, allowing you to then
// perform actions from the AccountPage.
varaccountPage=loginAs(user.email,user.password);
// Create a user who has read-only permissions--they can configure a unicorn,
// but they do not have payment information set up, nor do they have
// administrative privileges. At the time the user is created, its email
// address and password are randomly generated--you don't even need to
// know them.
valuser=UserFactory.createCommonUser()//This method is defined elsewhere.
// Log in as this user.
// Logging in on this site takes you to your personal "My Account" page, so the
// AccountPage object is returned by the loginAs method, allowing you to then
// perform actions from the AccountPage.
valaccountPage=loginAs(user.getEmail(),user.getPassword())
// The Unicorn is a top-level Object--it has attributes, which are set here. // This only stores the values; it does not fill out any web forms or interact// with the browser in any way.Unicornsparkles=newUnicorn("Sparkles",UnicornColors.PURPLE,UnicornAccessories.SUNGLASSES,UnicornAdornments.STAR_TATTOOS);// Since we are already "on" the account page, we have to use it to get to the// actual place where you configure unicorns. Calling the "Add Unicorn" method// takes us there.AddUnicornPageaddUnicornPage=accountPage.addUnicorn();// Now that we're on the AddUnicornPage, we will pass the "sparkles" object to// its createUnicorn() method. This method will take Sparkles' attributes,// fill out the form, and click submit.UnicornConfirmationPageunicornConfirmationPage=addUnicornPage.createUnicorn(sparkles);
# The Unicorn is a top-level Object--it has attributes, which are set here.# This only stores the values; it does not fill out any web forms or interact# with the browser in any way.sparkles=Unicorn("Sparkles",UnicornColors.PURPLE,UnicornAccessories.SUNGLASSES,UnicornAdornments.STAR_TATTOOS)# Since we're already "on" the account page, we have to use it to get to the# actual place where you configure unicorns. Calling the "Add Unicorn" method# takes us there.add_unicorn_page=account_page.add_unicorn()# Now that we're on the AddUnicornPage, we will pass the "sparkles" object to# its createUnicorn() method. This method will take Sparkles' attributes,# fill out the form, and click submit.unicorn_confirmation_page=add_unicorn_page.create_unicorn(sparkles)
// The Unicorn is a top-level Object--it has attributes, which are set here. // This only stores the values; it does not fill out any web forms or interact// with the browser in any way.Unicornsparkles=newUnicorn("Sparkles",UnicornColors.Purple,UnicornAccessories.Sunglasses,UnicornAdornments.StarTattoos);// Since we are already "on" the account page, we have to use it to get to the// actual place where you configure unicorns. Calling the "Add Unicorn" method// takes us there.AddUnicornPageaddUnicornPage=accountPage.AddUnicorn();// Now that we're on the AddUnicornPage, we will pass the "sparkles" object to// its createUnicorn() method. This method will take Sparkles' attributes,// fill out the form, and click submit.UnicornConfirmationPageunicornConfirmationPage=addUnicornPage.CreateUnicorn(sparkles);
# The Unicorn is a top-level Object--it has attributes, which are set here.# This only stores the values; it does not fill out any web forms or interact# with the browser in any way.sparkles=Unicorn.new('Sparkles',UnicornColors.PURPLE,UnicornAccessories.SUNGLASSES,UnicornAdornments.STAR_TATTOOS)# Since we're already "on" the account page, we have to use it to get to the# actual place where you configure unicorns. Calling the "Add Unicorn" method# takes us there.add_unicorn_page=account_page.add_unicorn# Now that we're on the AddUnicornPage, we will pass the "sparkles" object to# its createUnicorn() method. This method will take Sparkles' attributes,# fill out the form, and click submit.unicorn_confirmation_page=add_unicorn_page.create_unicorn(sparkles)
// The Unicorn is a top-level Object--it has attributes, which are set here.
// This only stores the values; it does not fill out any web forms or interact
// with the browser in any way.
varsparkles=newUnicorn("Sparkles",UnicornColors.PURPLE,UnicornAccessories.SUNGLASSES,UnicornAdornments.STAR_TATTOOS);// Since we are already "on" the account page, we have to use it to get to the
// actual place where you configure unicorns. Calling the "Add Unicorn" method
// takes us there.
varaddUnicornPage=accountPage.addUnicorn();// Now that we're on the AddUnicornPage, we will pass the "sparkles" object to
// its createUnicorn() method. This method will take Sparkles' attributes,
// fill out the form, and click submit.
varunicornConfirmationPage=addUnicornPage.createUnicorn(sparkles);
// The Unicorn is a top-level Object--it has attributes, which are set here.
// This only stores the values; it does not fill out any web forms or interact
// with the browser in any way.
valsparkles=Unicorn("Sparkles",UnicornColors.PURPLE,UnicornAccessories.SUNGLASSES,UnicornAdornments.STAR_TATTOOS)// Since we are already "on" the account page, we have to use it to get to the
// actual place where you configure unicorns. Calling the "Add Unicorn" method
// takes us there.
valaddUnicornPage=accountPage.addUnicorn()// Now that we're on the AddUnicornPage, we will pass the "sparkles" object to
// its createUnicorn() method. This method will take Sparkles' attributes,
// fill out the form, and click submit.
unicornConfirmationPage=addUnicornPage.createUnicorn(sparkles)
// The exists() method from UnicornConfirmationPage will take the Sparkles // object--a specification of the attributes you want to see, and compare// them with the fields on the page.Assert.assertTrue("Sparkles should have been created, with all attributes intact",unicornConfirmationPage.exists(sparkles));
# The exists() method from UnicornConfirmationPage will take the Sparkles# object--a specification of the attributes you want to see, and compare# them with the fields on the page.assertunicorn_confirmation_page.exists(sparkles),"Sparkles should have been created, with all attributes intact"
// The exists() method from UnicornConfirmationPage will take the Sparkles // object--a specification of the attributes you want to see, and compare// them with the fields on the page.Assert.True(unicornConfirmationPage.Exists(sparkles),"Sparkles should have been created, with all attributes intact");
# The exists() method from UnicornConfirmationPage will take the Sparkles# object--a specification of the attributes you want to see, and compare# them with the fields on the page.expect(unicorn_confirmation_page.exists?(sparkles)).tobe,'Sparkles should have been created, with all attributes intact'
// The exists() method from UnicornConfirmationPage will take the Sparkles
// object--a specification of the attributes you want to see, and compare
// them with the fields on the page.
assert(unicornConfirmationPage.exists(sparkles),"Sparkles should have been created, with all attributes intact");
// The exists() method from UnicornConfirmationPage will take the Sparkles
// object--a specification of the attributes you want to see, and compare
// them with the fields on the page.
assertTrue("Sparkles should have been created, with all attributes intact",unicornConfirmationPage.exists(sparkles))
Note: this page has merged contents from multiple sources, including
the Selenium wiki
Overview
Within your web app’s UI, there are areas where your tests interact with.
A Page Object only models these as objects within the test code.
This reduces the amount of duplicated code and means that if the UI changes,
the fix needs only to be applied in one place.
Page Object is a Design Pattern that has become popular in test automation for
enhancing test maintenance and reducing code duplication. A page object is an
object-oriented class that serves as an interface to a page of your AUT. The
tests then use the methods of this page object class whenever they need to
interact with the UI of that page. The benefit is that if the UI changes for
the page, the tests themselves don’t need to change, only the code within the
page object needs to change. Subsequently, all changes to support that new UI
are located in one place.
Advantages
There is a clean separation between the test code and page-specific code, such as
locators (or their use if you’re using a UI Map) and layout.
There is a single repository for the services or operations the page offers
rather than having these services scattered throughout the tests.
In both cases, this allows any modifications required due to UI changes to all
be made in one place. Helpful information on this technique can be found on
numerous blogs as this ‘test design pattern’ is becoming widely used. We
encourage readers who wish to know more to search the internet for blogs
on this subject. Many have written on this design pattern and can provide
helpful tips beyond the scope of this user guide. To get you started,
we’ll illustrate page objects with a simple example.
Examples
First, consider an example, typical of test automation, that does not use a
page object:
/***
* Tests login feature
*/publicclassLogin{publicvoidtestLogin(){// fill login data on sign-in pagedriver.findElement(By.name("user_name")).sendKeys("userName");driver.findElement(By.name("password")).sendKeys("my supersecret password");driver.findElement(By.name("sign-in")).click();// verify h1 tag is "Hello userName" after logindriver.findElement(By.tagName("h1")).isDisplayed();assertThat(driver.findElement(By.tagName("h1")).getText(),is("Hello userName"));}}
There are two problems with this approach.
There is no separation between the test method and the AUT’s locators (IDs in
this example); both are intertwined in a single method. If the AUT’s UI changes
its identifiers, layout, or how a login is input and processed, the test itself
must change.
The ID-locators would be spread in multiple tests, in all tests that had to
use this login page.
Applying the page object techniques, this example could be rewritten like this
in the following example of a page object for a Sign-in page.
importorg.openqa.selenium.By;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;/**
* Page Object encapsulates the Sign-in page.
*/publicclassSignInPage{protectedWebDriverdriver;// <input name="user_name" type="text" value="">privateByusernameBy=By.name("user_name");// <input name="password" type="password" value="">privateBypasswordBy=By.name("password");// <input name="sign_in" type="submit" value="SignIn">privateBysigninBy=By.name("sign_in");publicSignInPage(WebDriverdriver){this.driver=driver;if(!driver.getTitle().equals("Sign In Page")){thrownewIllegalStateException("This is not Sign In Page,"+" current page is: "+driver.getCurrentUrl());}}/**
* Login as valid user
*
* @param userName
* @param password
* @return HomePage object
*/publicHomePageloginValidUser(StringuserName,Stringpassword){driver.findElement(usernameBy).sendKeys(userName);driver.findElement(passwordBy).sendKeys(password);driver.findElement(signinBy).click();returnnewHomePage(driver);}}
and page object for a Home page could look like this.
importorg.openqa.selenium.By;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;/**
* Page Object encapsulates the Home Page
*/publicclassHomePage{protectedWebDriverdriver;// <h1>Hello userName</h1>privateBymessageBy=By.tagName("h1");publicHomePage(WebDriverdriver){this.driver=driver;if(!driver.getTitle().equals("Home Page of logged in user")){thrownewIllegalStateException("This is not Home Page of logged in user,"+" current page is: "+driver.getCurrentUrl());}}/**
* Get message (h1 tag)
*
* @return String message text
*/publicStringgetMessageText(){returndriver.findElement(messageBy).getText();}publicHomePagemanageProfile(){// Page encapsulation to manage profile functionalityreturnnewHomePage(driver);}/* More methods offering the services represented by Home Page
of Logged User. These methods in turn might return more Page Objects
for example click on Compose mail button could return ComposeMail class object */}
So now, the login test would use these two page objects as follows.
There is a lot of flexibility in how the page objects may be designed, but
there are a few basic rules for getting the desired maintainability of your
test code.
Assertions in Page Objects
Page objects themselves should never make verifications or assertions. This is
part of your test and should always be within the test’s code, never in a page
object. The page object will contain the representation of the page, and the
services the page provides via methods but no code related to what is being
tested should be within the page object.
There is one, single, verification which can, and should, be within the page
object and that is to verify that the page, and possibly critical elements on
the page, were loaded correctly. This verification should be done while
instantiating the page object. In the examples above, both the SignInPage and
HomePage constructors check that the expected page is available and ready for
requests from the test.
Page Component Objects
A page object does not necessarily need to represent all the parts of a
page itself. This was noted by Martin Fowler in the early days, while first coining the term “panel objects”.
The same principles used for page objects can be used to
create “Page Component Objects”, as it was later called, that represent discrete chunks of the
page and can be included in page objects. These component objects can
provide references to the elements inside those discrete chunks, and
methods to leverage the functionality or behavior provided by them.
For example, a Products page has multiple products.
<!-- Inventory Item --><divclass="inventory_item"><divclass="inventory_item_name">Backpack</div><divclass="pricebar"><divclass="inventory_item_price">$29.99</div><buttonid="add-to-cart-backpack">Add to cart</button></div></div>
The Products page HAS-A list of products. This object relationship is called Composition. In simpler terms, something is composed of another thing.
publicabstractclassBasePage{protectedWebDriverdriver;publicBasePage(WebDriverdriver){this.driver=driver;}}// Page ObjectpublicclassProductsPageextendsBasePage{publicProductsPage(WebDriverdriver){super(driver);// No assertions, throws an exception if the element is not loadednewWebDriverWait(driver,Duration.ofSeconds(3)).until(d->d.findElement(By.className("header_container")));}// Returning a list of products is a service of the pagepublicList<Product>getProducts(){returndriver.findElements(By.className("inventory_item")).stream().map(e->newProduct(e))// Map WebElement to a product component.toList();}// Return a specific product using a boolean-valued function (predicate)// This is the behavioral Strategy Pattern from GoFpublicProductgetProduct(Predicate<Product>condition){returngetProducts().stream().filter(condition)// Filter by product name or price.findFirst().orElseThrow();}}
The Product component object is used inside the Products page object.
publicabstractclassBaseComponent{protectedWebElementroot;publicBaseComponent(WebElementroot){this.root=root;}}// Page Component ObjectpublicclassProductextendsBaseComponent{// The root element contains the entire componentpublicProduct(WebElementroot){super(root);// inventory_item}publicStringgetName(){// Locating an element begins at the root of the componentreturnroot.findElement(By.className("inventory_item_name")).getText();}publicBigDecimalgetPrice(){returnnewBigDecimal(root.findElement(By.className("inventory_item_price")).getText().replace("$","")).setScale(2,RoundingMode.UNNECESSARY);// Sanitation and formatting}publicvoidaddToCart(){root.findElement(By.id("add-to-cart-backpack")).click();}}
So now, the products test would use the page object and the page component object as follows.
publicclassProductsTest{@TestpublicvoidtestProductInventory(){varproductsPage=newProductsPage(driver);// page objectvarproducts=productsPage.getProducts();assertEquals(6,products.size());// expected, actual}@TestpublicvoidtestProductPrices(){varproductsPage=newProductsPage(driver);// Pass a lambda expression (predicate) to filter the list of products// The predicate or "strategy" is the behavior passed as parametervarbackpack=productsPage.getProduct(p->p.getName().equals("Backpack"));// page component objectvarbikeLight=productsPage.getProduct(p->p.getName().equals("Bike Light"));assertEquals(newBigDecimal("29.99"),backpack.getPrice());assertEquals(newBigDecimal("9.99"),bikeLight.getPrice());}}
The page and component are represented by their own objects. Both objects only have methods for the services they offer, which matches the real-world application in object-oriented programming.
You can even
nest component objects inside other component objects for more complex
pages. If a page in the AUT has multiple components, or common
components used throughout the site (e.g. a navigation bar), then it
may improve maintainability and reduce code duplication.
Other Design Patterns Used in Testing
There are other design patterns that also may be used in testing. Discussing all of these is
beyond the scope of this user guide. Here, we merely want to introduce the
concepts to make the reader aware of some of the things that can be done. As
was mentioned earlier, many have blogged on this topic and we encourage the
reader to search for blogs on these topics.
Implementation Notes
PageObjects can be thought of as facing in two directions simultaneously. Facing toward the developer of a test, they represent the services offered by a particular page. Facing away from the developer, they should be the only thing that has a deep knowledge of the structure of the HTML of a page (or part of a page) It’s simplest to think of the methods on a Page Object as offering the “services” that a page offers rather than exposing the details and mechanics of the page. As an example, think of the inbox of any web-based email system. Amongst the services it offers are the ability to compose a new email, choose to read a single email, and list the subject lines of the emails in the inbox. How these are implemented shouldn’t matter to the test.
Because we’re encouraging the developer of a test to try and think about the services they’re interacting with rather than the implementation, PageObjects should seldom expose the underlying WebDriver instance. To facilitate this, methods on the PageObject should return other PageObjects. This means we can effectively model the user’s journey through our application. It also means that should the way that pages relate to one another change (like when the login page asks the user to change their password the first time they log into a service when it previously didn’t do that), simply changing the appropriate method’s signature will cause the tests to fail to compile. Put another way; we can tell which tests would fail without needing to run them when we change the relationship between pages and reflect this in the PageObjects.
One consequence of this approach is that it may be necessary to model (for example) both a successful and unsuccessful login; or a click could have a different result depending on the app’s state. When this happens, it is common to have multiple methods on the PageObject:
publicclassLoginPage{publicHomePageloginAs(Stringusername,Stringpassword){// ... clever magic happens here}publicLoginPageloginAsExpectingError(Stringusername,Stringpassword){// ... failed login here, maybe because one or both of the username and password are wrong}publicStringgetErrorMessage(){// So we can verify that the correct error is shown}}
The code presented above shows an important point: the tests, not the PageObjects, should be responsible for making assertions about the state of a page. For example:
publicvoidtestMessagesAreReadOrUnread(){Inboxinbox=newInbox(driver);inbox.assertMessageWithSubjectIsUnread("I like cheese");inbox.assertMessageWithSubjectIsNotUnread("I'm not fond of tofu");}
could be re-written as:
publicvoidtestMessagesAreReadOrUnread(){Inboxinbox=newInbox(driver);assertTrue(inbox.isMessageWithSubjectIsUnread("I like cheese"));assertFalse(inbox.isMessageWithSubjectIsUnread("I'm not fond of tofu"));}
Of course, as with every guideline, there are exceptions, and one that is commonly seen with PageObjects is to check that the WebDriver is on the correct page when we instantiate the PageObject. This is done in the example below.
Finally, a PageObject need not represent an entire page. It may represent a section that appears frequently within a site or page, such as site navigation. The essential principle is that there is only one place in your test suite with knowledge of the structure of the HTML of a particular (part of a) page.
Summary
The public methods represent the services that the page offers
Try not to expose the internals of the page
Generally don’t make assertions
Methods return other PageObjects
Need not represent an entire page
Different results for the same action are modelled as different methods
Example
publicclassLoginPage{privatefinalWebDriverdriver;publicLoginPage(WebDriverdriver){this.driver=driver;// Check that we're on the right page.if(!"Login".equals(driver.getTitle())){// Alternatively, we could navigate to the login page, perhaps logging out firstthrownewIllegalStateException("This is not the login page");}}// The login page contains several HTML elements that will be represented as WebElements.// The locators for these elements should only be defined once.ByusernameLocator=By.id("username");BypasswordLocator=By.id("passwd");ByloginButtonLocator=By.id("login");// The login page allows the user to type their username into the username fieldpublicLoginPagetypeUsername(Stringusername){// This is the only place that "knows" how to enter a usernamedriver.findElement(usernameLocator).sendKeys(username);// Return the current page object as this action doesn't navigate to a page represented by another PageObjectreturnthis;}// The login page allows the user to type their password into the password fieldpublicLoginPagetypePassword(Stringpassword){// This is the only place that "knows" how to enter a passworddriver.findElement(passwordLocator).sendKeys(password);// Return the current page object as this action doesn't navigate to a page represented by another PageObjectreturnthis;}// The login page allows the user to submit the login formpublicHomePagesubmitLogin(){// This is the only place that submits the login form and expects the destination to be the home page.// A seperate method should be created for the instance of clicking login whilst expecting a login failure. driver.findElement(loginButtonLocator).submit();// Return a new page object representing the destination. Should the login page ever// go somewhere else (for example, a legal disclaimer) then changing the method signature// for this method will mean that all tests that rely on this behaviour won't compile.returnnewHomePage(driver);}// The login page allows the user to submit the login form knowing that an invalid username and / or password were enteredpublicLoginPagesubmitLoginExpectingFailure(){// This is the only place that submits the login form and expects the destination to be the login page due to login failure.driver.findElement(loginButtonLocator).submit();// Return a new page object representing the destination. Should the user ever be navigated to the home page after submiting a login with credentials // expected to fail login, the script will fail when it attempts to instantiate the LoginPage PageObject.returnnewLoginPage(driver);}// Conceptually, the login page offers the user the service of being able to "log into"// the application using a user name and password. publicHomePageloginAs(Stringusername,Stringpassword){// The PageObject methods that enter username, password & submit login have already defined and should not be repeated here.typeUsername(username);typePassword(password);returnsubmitLogin();}}
/**
* Takes a username and password, fills out the fields, and clicks "login".
* @return An instance of the AccountPage
*/publicAccountPageloginAsUser(Stringusername,Stringpassword){WebElementloginField=driver.findElement(By.id("loginField"));loginField.clear();loginField.sendKeys(username);// Fill out the password field. The locator we're using is "By.id", and we should// have it defined elsewhere in the class.WebElementpasswordField=driver.findElement(By.id("password"));passwordField.clear();passwordField.sendKeys(password);// Click the login button, which happens to have the id "submit".driver.findElement(By.id("submit")).click();// Create and return a new instance of the AccountPage (via the built-in Selenium// PageFactory).returnPageFactory.newInstance(AccountPage.class);}
publicvoidloginTest(){loginAsUser("cbrown","cl0wn3");// Now that we're logged in, do some other stuff--since we used a DSL to support// our testers, it's as easy as choosing from available methods.do.something();do.somethingElse();Assert.assertTrue("Something should have been done!",something.wasDone());// Note that we still haven't referred to a button or web control anywhere in this// script...}
If you choose pytest as your test runner, this can be
easily done by yielding your driver in a global fixture. This way each test gets its own
driver instance, and you can ensure that drivers always quit after a test is finished
(pass or fail).
publicabstractclassBasePage{protectedWebDriverdriver;publicBasePage(WebDriverdriver){this.driver=driver;}}publicclassGoogleSearchPageextendsBasePage{publicGoogleSearchPage(WebDriverdriver){super(driver);// Generally do not assert within pages or components.// Effectively throws an exception if the lambda condition is not met.newWebDriverWait(driver,Duration.ofSeconds(3)).until(d->d.findElement(By.id("logo")));}publicGoogleSearchPagesetSearchString(Stringsstr){driver.findElement(By.id("gbqfq")).sendKeys(sstr);returnthis;}publicvoidclickSearchButton(){driver.findElement(By.id("gbqfb")).click();}}
4.10 - テストごとに新しいブラウザを起動する
クリーンな既知の状態から各テストを開始します。
理想的には、テストごとに新しい仮想マシンを起動します。
新しい仮想マシンの起動が実用的でない場合は、少なくともテストごとに新しいWebDriverを起動してください。
Firefoxの場合、既知のプロファイルでWebDriverを起動します。
Most browser drivers like GeckoDriver and ChromeDriver will start with a clean
known state with a new user profile, by default.
WebDriverdriver=newFirefoxDriver();
5 - 推奨されない行動
Seleniumでブラウザを自動化するときに避けるべきこと。
5.1 - CAPTCHA(キャプチャ)
CAPTCHA(キャプチャ)は、 Completely Automated Public Turing test
to tell Computers and Humans Apart (コンピューターと人間を区別するための完全に自動化された公開チューリングテスト)の略で、自動化を防ぐように明示的に設計されているため、試さないでください!
CAPTCHAチェックを回避するための2つの主要な戦略があります。