高级功能

• 1: 可观测性
• 2: GraphQL查询支持
• 3: Grid端点
• 4: Customizing a Node
• 5: External datastore

1 - 可观测性

Table of Contents

• Selenium Grid
• Observability
  • Distributed tracing
  • Event logging
• Grid Observability
  • Visualizing Traces
  • Leveraging event logs
• References

Selenium Grid

Grid aids in scaling and distributing tests by executing tests on various browser and operating system combinations.

Observability

Observability has three pillars: traces, metrics and logs. Since Selenium Grid 4 is designed to be fully distributed, observability will make it easier to understand and debug the internals.

Distributed tracing

A single request or transaction spans multiple services and components. Tracing tracks the request lifecycle as each service executes the request. It is useful in debugging in an error scenario. Some key terms used in tracing context are:

Trace Tracing allows one to trace a request through multiple services, starting from its origin to its final destination. This request’s journey helps in debugging, monitoring the end-to-end flow, and identifying failures. A trace depicts the end-to-end request flow. Each trace has a unique id as its identifier.

Span Each trace is made up of timed operations called spans. A span has a start and end time and it represents operations done by a service. The granularity of span depends on how it is instrumented. Each span has a unique identifier. All spans within a trace have the same trace id.

Span Attributes Span attributes are key-value pairs which provide additional information about each span.

Events Events are timed-stamped logs within a span. They provide additional context to the existing spans. Events also contain key-value pairs as event attributes.

Event logging

Logging is essential to debug an application. Logging is often done in a human-readable format. But for machines to search and analyze the logs, it has to have a well-defined format. Structured logging is a common practice of recording logs consistently in a fixed format. It commonly contains fields like:

• Timestamp
• Logging level
• Logger class
• Log message (This is further broken down into fields relevant to the operation where the log was recorded)

Logs and events are closely related. Events encapsulate all the possible information available to do a single unit of work. Logs are essentially subsets of an event. At the crux, both aid in debugging. Refer following resources for detailed understanding:

1. https://www.honeycomb.io/blog/how-are-structured-logs-different-from-events/
2. https://charity.wtf/2019/02/05/logs-vs-structured-events/

Grid Observability

Selenium server is instrumented with tracing using OpenTelemetry. Every request to the server is traced from start to end. Each trace consists of a series of spans as a request is executed within the server. Most spans in the Selenium server consist of two events:

1. Normal event - records all information about a unit of work and marks successful completion of the work.
2. Error event - records all information till the error occurs and then records the error information. Marks an exception event.

Running Selenium server

1. Standalone
2. Hub and Node
3. Fully Distributed
4. Docker

Visualizing Traces

All spans, events and their respective attributes are part of a trace. Tracing works while running the server in all of the above-mentioned modes.

By default, tracing is enabled in the Selenium server. Selenium server exports the traces via two exporters:

1. Console - Logs all traces and their included spans at FINE level. By default, Selenium server prints logs at INFO level and above. The log-level flag can be used to pass a logging level of choice while running the Selenium Grid jar/s.

java -jar selenium-server-4.0.0-<selenium-version>.jar standalone --log-level FINE

2. Jaeger UI - OpenTelemetry provides the APIs and SDKs to instrument traces in the code. Whereas Jaeger is a tracing backend, that aids in collecting the tracing telemetry data and providing querying, filtering and visualizing features for the data.

Detailed instructions of visualizing traces using Jaeger UI can be obtained by running the command :

java -jar selenium-server-4.0.0-<selenium-version>.jar info tracing

A very good example and scripts to run the server and send traces to Jaeger

Leveraging event logs

Tracing has to be enabled for event logging as well, even if one does not wish to export traces to visualize them.
By default, tracing is enabled. No additional parameters need to be passed to see logs on the console. All events within a span are logged at FINE level. Error events are logged at WARN level.

All event logs have the following fields :

Sample log

FINE [LoggingOptions$1.lambda$export$1] - {
  "traceId": "fc8aef1d44b3cc8bc09eb8e581c4a8eb",
  "spanId": "b7d3b9865d3ddd45",
  "spanKind": "INTERNAL",
  "eventTime": 1597819675128886121,
  "eventName": "Session request execution complete",
  "attributes": {
    "http.status_code": 200,
    "http.handler_class": "org.openqa.selenium.grid.router.HandleSession",
    "http.url": "\u002fsession\u002fdd35257f104bb43fdfb06242953f4c85",
    "http.method": "DELETE",
    "session.id": "dd35257f104bb43fdfb06242953f4c85"
  }
}

In addition to the above fields, based on OpenTelemetry specification error logs consist of :

Sample error log

WARN [LoggingOptions$1.lambda$export$1] - {
  "traceId": "7efa5ea57e02f89cdf8de586fe09f564",
  "spanId": "914df6bc9a1f6e2b",
  "spanKind": "INTERNAL",
  "eventTime": 1597820253450580272,
  "eventName": "exception",
  "attributes": {
    "exception.type": "org.openqa.selenium.ScriptTimeoutException",
    "exception.message": "Unable to execute request: java.sql.SQLSyntaxErrorException: Table 'mysql.sessions_mappa' doesn't exist ..." (full message will be printed),
    "exception.stacktrace": "org.openqa.selenium.ScriptTimeoutException: java.sql.SQLSyntaxErrorException: Table 'mysql.sessions_mappa' doesn't exist\nBuild info: version: '4.0.0-alpha-7', revision: 'Unknown'\nSystem info: host: 'XYZ-MacBook-Pro.local', ip: 'fe80:0:0:0:10d5:b63a:bdc6:1aff%en0', os.name: 'Mac OS X', os.arch: 'x86_64', os.version: '10.13.6', java.version: '11.0.7'\nDriver info: driver.version: unknown ...." (full stack will be printed),
    "http.handler_class": "org.openqa.selenium.grid.distributor.remote.RemoteDistributor",
    "http.url": "\u002fsession",
    "http.method": "POST"
  }
}

Note: Logs are pretty printed above for readability. Pretty printing for logs is turned off in Selenium server.

The steps above should set you up for seeing traces and logs.

References

1. Understanding Tracing
2. OpenTelemetry Tracing API Specification
3. Selenium Wiki
4. Structured logs vs events
5. Jaeger framework

2 - GraphQL查询支持

GraphQL 是一种用于API的查询语言, 也是用于使用现有数据完成这些查询的运行时. 其仅仅是使用户能够准确地获取所需.

枚举

枚举是表示字段的可能值的集合.

例如, Node对象具有一个称为status的字段. 状态是一个枚举 (特别是Status类型) , 因为它可能是UP , DRAINING 或 UNAVAILABLE.

标量

标量是基本类型的值: Int, Float, String, Boolean, 或 ID.

在调用GraphQL API时, 必须指定嵌套子字段, 直到只返回标量.

模式的结构

网格模式的结构如下:

{
    session(id: "<session-id>") : {
        id,
        capabilities,
        startTime,
        uri,
        nodeId,
        nodeUri,
        sessionDurationMillis
        slot : {
            id,
            stereotype,
            lastStarted
        }
    }
    grid: {
        uri,
        totalSlots,
        nodeCount,
        maxSession,
        sessionCount,
        version,
        sessionQueueSize
    }
    sessionsInfo: {
        sessionQueueRequests,
        sessions: [
            {
                id,
                capabilities,
                startTime,
                uri,
                nodeId,
                nodeUri,
                sessionDurationMillis
                slot : {
                    id,
                    stereotype,
                    lastStarted
                }
            }
        ]
    }
    nodesInfo: {
        nodes : [
            {
                id,
                uri,
                status,
                maxSession,
                slotCount,
                sessions: [
                    {
                        id,
                        capabilities,
                        startTime,
                        uri,
                        nodeId,
                        nodeUri,
                        sessionDurationMillis
                        slot : {
                            id,
                            stereotype,
                            lastStarted
                        }
                    }
                ],
                sessionCount,
                stereotypes,
                version,
                osInfo: {
                    arch,
                    name,
                    version
                }
            }
        ]
    }
}

查询 GraphQL

查询GraphQL的最佳方法是使用curl请求. GraphQL允许您仅获取所需的数据, 仅此而已.

下面给出了一些GraphQL查询的示例. 您可以根据需要构建自己的查询.

查询网格中 maxSession 和 sessionCount 的数量:

curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" --data '{"query": "{ grid { maxSession, sessionCount } }"}' -s <LINK_TO_GRAPHQL_ENDPOINT>

通常在本地机器上 <LINK_TO_GRAPHQL_ENDPOINT> 会是 http://localhost:4444/graphql

查询全部会话、及节点以及网格的详情 :

curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" --data '{"query":"{ grid { uri, maxSession, sessionCount }, nodesInfo { nodes { id, uri, status, sessions { id, capabilities, startTime, uri, nodeId, nodeUri, sessionDurationMillis, slot { id, stereotype, lastStarted } }, slotCount, sessionCount }} }"}' -s <LINK_TO_GRAPHQL_ENDPOINT>

查询以获取当前网格的会话总数 :

curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" --data '{"query":"{ grid { sessionCount } }"}' -s <LINK_TO_GRAPHQL_ENDPOINT>

查询以获取网格中的最大会话数量 :

curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" --data '{"query":"{ grid { maxSession } }"}' -s <LINK_TO_GRAPHQL_ENDPOINT>

查询以获取网格中所有节点的全部会话详情 :

curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" --data '{"query":"{ sessionsInfo { sessions { id, capabilities, startTime, uri, nodeId, nodeId, sessionDurationMillis } } }"}' -s <LINK_TO_GRAPHQL_ENDPOINT>

查询以获取网格中每个节点中所有会话的插槽信息 :

curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" --data '{"query":"{ sessionsInfo { sessions { id, slot { id, stereotype, lastStarted } } } }"}' -s <LINK_TO_GRAPHQL_ENDPOINT>

查询以获取给定会话的会话信息查询以获取给定会话的会话信息 :

curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" --data '{"query":"{ session (id: \"<session-id>\") { id, capabilities, startTime, uri, nodeId, nodeUri, sessionDurationMillis, slot { id, stereotype, lastStarted } } } "}' -s <LINK_TO_GRAPHQL_ENDPOINT>

查询网格中每个节点的功能 :

curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" --data '{"query": "{ nodesInfo { nodes { stereotypes } } }"}' -s <LINK_TO_GRAPHQL_ENDPOINT>

查询网格中每个节点的状态 :

curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" --data '{"query": "{ nodesInfo { nodes { status } } }"}' -s <LINK_TO_GRAPHQL_ENDPOINT>

查询每个节点和网格的 URI :

curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" --data '{"query": "{ nodesInfo { nodes { uri } } }"}' -s <LINK_TO_GRAPHQL_ENDPOINT>

Query for getting the current requests in the New Session Queue:

curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" --data '{"query":"{ sessionsInfo { sessionQueueRequests } }"}' -s <LINK_TO_GRAPHQL_ENDPOINT>

Query for getting the New Session Queue size :

curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" --data '{"query":"{ grid { sessionQueueSize } }"}' -s <LINK_TO_GRAPHQL_ENDPOINT>

3 - Grid端点

Grid

Grid 状态

Grid状态提供Grid的当前状态. 它包含每个注册节点的详细信息. 对于每个节点, 状态包括有关节点可用性、会话和插槽的信息.

cURL GET 'http://localhost:4444/status'

检查会话所有者

要检查会话是否属于某一节点, 请使用下面列出的cURL命令.

cURL --request DELETE 'http://localhost:4444/session/<session-id>'

Which URL should I use?

在独立模式下, Grid URL是独立服务器的地址.

在集线器节点模式下, Grid URL是集线器服务器的地址.

在完全分布式模式下, Grid URL是路由服务器的地址.

以上所有模式的默认URL皆为http://localhost:4444.

分发器

删除节点

要从Grid中删除节点, 请使用下面列出的cURL命令. 它不会停止在该节点上运行的任何持续中的会话. 除非显式终止, 否则节点将继续按原样运行. 分发器不再知晓该节点, 因此任何匹配的新会话请求 也不会转发到该节点.

在独立模式下, 分发器URL是独立服务器的地址.

在集线器节点模式下, 分发器URL是集线器服务器的地址.

cURL --request DELETE 'http://localhost:4444/se/grid/distributor/node/<node-id>' --header 'X-REGISTRATION-SECRET: <secret> '

在完全分布式模式下, URL是分发器的地址.

cURL --request DELETE 'http://localhost:4444/se/grid/distributor/node/<node-id>' --header 'X-REGISTRATION-SECRET: <secret>'

如果在设置Grid时未配置注册密码, 则使用

cURL --request DELETE 'http://<Router-URL>/se/grid/distributor/node/<node-id>' --header 'X-REGISTRATION-SECRET;'

放空节点

节点放空命令用于优雅地关闭节点. 放空节点将在所有持续中的会话完成后停止节点. 但是, 它不接受任何新的会话请求.

在独立模式下, 分发器URL是独立服务器的地址.

在集线器节点模式下, 分发器URL是集线器服务器的地址.

cURL --request POST 'http://localhost:4444/se/grid/distributor/node/<node-id>/drain' --header 'X-REGISTRATION-SECRET: <secret> '

在完全分布式模式下, URL是分发服务器的地址.

cURL --request POST 'http://localhost:4444/se/grid/distributor/node/<node-id>/drain' --header 'X-REGISTRATION-SECRET: <secret>'

如果在设置Grid时未配置注册密码, 则使用

cURL --request POST 'http://<Router-URL>/se/grid/distributor/node/<node-id>/drain' --header 'X-REGISTRATION-SECRET;'

节点

本节中的端点适用于 集线器节点模式和 节点独立运行的完全分布式网格模式. 在一个节点的情况下, 默认节点的URL为 http://localhost:5555 . 如果有多个节点, 请使用 Grid 状态 获取所有节点详细信息 以及定位地址.

状态

节点状态本质上是节点的运行状况检查. 分发器定期ping节点状态， 并相应地更新Grid模型. 状态包括相关的可用性, 会话和插槽的信息.

cURL --request GET 'http://localhost:5555/status'

放空

分发器将 放空 命令传递给 由node-id标识的相应节点. 要直接放空节点, 请使用下面列出的cuRL命令. 两个端点都有效并产生相同的结果. 放空会等待持续中的会话完成后 才停止节点.

cURL --request POST 'http://localhost:5555/se/grid/node/drain' --header 'X-REGISTRATION-SECRET: <secret>'

如果在设置Grid时未配置注册密码, 则使用

cURL --request POST 'http://<node-URL>/se/grid/node/drain' --header 'X-REGISTRATION-SECRET;'

检查会话所有者

要检查会话是否属于某一节点, 请使用下面列出的cURL命令.

cURL --request GET 'http://localhost:5555/se/grid/node/owner/<session-id>' --header 'X-REGISTRATION-SECRET: <secret>'

如果在设置Grid时未配置注册密码, 则使用

cURL --request GET 'http://<node-URL>/se/grid/node/owner/<session-id>' --header 'X-REGISTRATION-SECRET;'

如果会话属于该节点, 则返回true, 否则返回false.

删除会话

删除会话将终止WebDriver会话, 退出驱动程序 并将其从活动会话集合中删除. 任何使用删除的会话id 或重用驱动程序实例的请求 都将抛出错误.

cURL --request DELETE 'http://localhost:5555/se/grid/node/session/<session-id>' --header 'X-REGISTRATION-SECRET: <secret>'

如果在设置Grid时未配置注册密码, 则使用

cURL --request DELETE 'http://<node-URL>/se/grid/node/session/<session-id>' --header 'X-REGISTRATION-SECRET;'

新会话队列

清除新会话队列

新会话请求队列保存新会话请求. 要清除队列, 请使用下面列出的cURL命令. 清除队列将拒绝队列中的所有请求. 对于每个这样的请求, 服务器都会向相应的客户端返回一个错误响应. 清除命令的返回结果是 已删除请求的总数.

在独立模式下, 队列URL是独立服务器的地址. 在集线器节点模式下, 队列URL是集线器服务器的地址.

cURL --request DELETE 'http://localhost:4444/se/grid/newsessionqueue/queue' --header 'X-REGISTRATION-SECRET: <secret>'

在完全分布式模式下, 队列URL是新会话队列服务器的地址.

cURL --request DELETE 'http://localhost:4444/se/grid/newsessionqueue/queue' --header 'X-REGISTRATION-SECRET: <secret>'

如果在设置Grid时未配置注册密码, 则使用

cURL --request DELETE 'http://<Router-URL>/se/grid/newsessionqueue/queue' --header 'X-REGISTRATION-SECRET;'

获取新会话队列请求

New Session Request Queue holds the new session requests. To get the current requests in the queue, use the cURL command enlisted below. The response returns the total number of requests in the queue and the request payloads. 新会话请求队列保存新会话请求. 要获取队列中的当前请求, 请使用下面列出的cURL命令. 响应会返回队列中的请求总数以及请求内容.

在独立模式下, 队列URL是独立服务器的地址. 在集线器节点模式下, 队列URL是集线器服务器的地址.

cURL --request GET 'http://localhost:4444/se/grid/newsessionqueue/queue'

在完全分布式模式下, 队列URL是新会话队列服务器的地址.

cURL --request GET 'http://localhost:4444/se/grid/newsessionqueue/queue'

4 - Customizing a Node

How to customize a Node

There are times when we would like a Node to be customized to our needs.

For e.g., we may like to do some additional setup before a session begins execution and some clean-up after a session runs to completion.

Following steps can be followed for this:

• Create a class that extends org.openqa.selenium.grid.node.Node

• Add a static method (this will be our factory method) to the newly created class whose signature looks like this:

  public static Node create(Config config). Here:

  • Node is of type org.openqa.selenium.grid.node.Node
  • Config is of type org.openqa.selenium.grid.config.Config

• Within this factory method, include logic for creating your new Class.

• To wire in this new customized logic into the hub, start the node and pass in the fully qualified class name of the above class to the argument --node-implementation

Let’s see an example of all this:

Custom Node as an uber jar

1. Create a sample project using your favourite build tool (Maven|Gradle).
2. Add the below dependency to your sample project.
   • org.seleniumhq.selenium/selenium-grid
3. Add your customized Node to the project.
4. Build an uber jar to be able to start the Node using java -jar command.
5. Now start the Node using the command:

java -jar custom_node-server.jar node \
--node-implementation org.seleniumhq.samples.DecoratedLoggingNode

Note: If you are using Maven as a build tool, please prefer using maven-shade-plugin instead of maven-assembly-plugin because maven-assembly plugin seems to have issues with being able to merge multiple Service Provider Interface files (META-INF/services)

Custom Node as a regular jar

1. Create a sample project using your favourite build tool (Maven|Gradle).
2. Add the below dependency to your sample project.
   • org.seleniumhq.selenium/selenium-grid
3. Add your customized Node to the project.
4. Build a jar of your project using your build tool.
5. Now start the Node using the command:

java -jar selenium-server-4.6.0.jar \
--ext custom_node-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar node \
--node-implementation org.seleniumhq.samples.DecoratedLoggingNode

Below is a sample that just prints some messages on to the console whenever there’s an activity of interest (session created, session deleted, a webdriver command executed etc.,) on the Node.

package org.seleniumhq.samples;

import java.net.URI;
import java.util.UUID;
import org.openqa.selenium.Capabilities;
import org.openqa.selenium.NoSuchSessionException;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriverException;
import org.openqa.selenium.grid.config.Config;
import org.openqa.selenium.grid.data.CreateSessionRequest;
import org.openqa.selenium.grid.data.CreateSessionResponse;
import org.openqa.selenium.grid.data.NodeId;
import org.openqa.selenium.grid.data.NodeStatus;
import org.openqa.selenium.grid.data.Session;
import org.openqa.selenium.grid.log.LoggingOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.grid.node.HealthCheck;
import org.openqa.selenium.grid.node.Node;
import org.openqa.selenium.grid.node.local.LocalNodeFactory;
import org.openqa.selenium.grid.security.Secret;
import org.openqa.selenium.grid.security.SecretOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.grid.server.BaseServerOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.internal.Either;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.SessionId;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.HttpRequest;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.HttpResponse;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.tracing.Tracer;

public class DecoratedLoggingNode extends Node {

  private Node node;

  protected DecoratedLoggingNode(Tracer tracer, NodeId nodeId, URI uri, Secret registrationSecret, Duration sessionTimeout) {
    super(tracer, nodeId, uri, registrationSecret, sessionTimeout);
  }

  public static Node create(Config config) {
    LoggingOptions loggingOptions = new LoggingOptions(config);
    BaseServerOptions serverOptions = new BaseServerOptions(config);
    URI uri = serverOptions.getExternalUri();
    SecretOptions secretOptions = new SecretOptions(config);
    NodeOptions nodeOptions = new NodeOptions(config);
    Duration sessionTimeout = nodeOptions.getSessionTimeout();

    // Refer to the foot notes for additional context on this line.
    Node node = LocalNodeFactory.create(config);

    DecoratedLoggingNode wrapper = new DecoratedLoggingNode(loggingOptions.getTracer(),
        node.getId(),
        uri,
        secretOptions.getRegistrationSecret(),
        sessionTimeout);
    wrapper.node = node;
    return wrapper;
  }

  @Override
  public Either<WebDriverException, CreateSessionResponse> newSession(
      CreateSessionRequest sessionRequest) {
    System.out.println("Before newSession()");
    try {
      return this.node.newSession(sessionRequest);
    } finally {
      System.out.println("After newSession()");
    }
  }

  @Override
  public HttpResponse executeWebDriverCommand(HttpRequest req) {
    try {
      System.out.println("Before executeWebDriverCommand(): " + req.getUri());
      return node.executeWebDriverCommand(req);
    } finally {
      System.out.println("After executeWebDriverCommand()");
    }
  }

  @Override
  public Session getSession(SessionId id) throws NoSuchSessionException {
    try {
      System.out.println("Before getSession()");
      return node.getSession(id);
    } finally {
      System.out.println("After getSession()");
    }
  }

  @Override
  public HttpResponse uploadFile(HttpRequest req, SessionId id) {
    try {
      System.out.println("Before uploadFile()");
      return node.uploadFile(req, id);
    } finally {
      System.out.println("After uploadFile()");
    }
  }

  @Override
  public void stop(SessionId id) throws NoSuchSessionException {
    try {
      System.out.println("Before stop()");
      node.stop(id);
    } finally {
      System.out.println("After stop()");
    }
  }

  @Override
  public boolean isSessionOwner(SessionId id) {
    try {
      System.out.println("Before isSessionOwner()");
      return node.isSessionOwner(id);
    } finally {
      System.out.println("After isSessionOwner()");
    }
  }

  @Override
  public boolean isSupporting(Capabilities capabilities) {
    try {
      System.out.println("Before isSupporting");
      return node.isSupporting(capabilities);
    } finally {
      System.out.println("After isSupporting()");
    }
  }

  @Override
  public NodeStatus getStatus() {
    try {
      System.out.println("Before getStatus()");
      return node.getStatus();
    } finally {
      System.out.println("After getStatus()");
    }
  }

  @Override
  public HealthCheck getHealthCheck() {
    try {
      System.out.println("Before getHealthCheck()");
      return node.getHealthCheck();
    } finally {
      System.out.println("After getHealthCheck()");
    }
  }

  @Override
  public void drain() {
    try {
      System.out.println("Before drain()");
      node.drain();
    } finally {
      System.out.println("After drain()");
    }

  }

  @Override
  public boolean isReady() {
    try {
      System.out.println("Before isReady()");
      return node.isReady();
    } finally {
      System.out.println("After isReady()");
    }
  }
}

Foot Notes:

In the above example, the line Node node = LocalNodeFactory.create(config); explicitly creates a LocalNode.

There are basically 2 types of user facing implementations of org.openqa.selenium.grid.node.Node available.

These classes are good starting points to learn how to build a custom Node and also to learn the internals of a Node.

• org.openqa.selenium.grid.node.local.LocalNode - Used to represent a long running Node and is the default implementation that gets wired in when you start a node.
  • It can be created by calling LocalNodeFactory.create(config);, where:
    • LocalNodeFactory belongs to org.openqa.selenium.grid.node.local
    • Config belongs to org.openqa.selenium.grid.config
• org.openqa.selenium.grid.node.k8s.OneShotNode - This is a special reference implementation wherein the Node gracefully shuts itself down after servicing one test session. This class is currently not available as part of any pre-built maven artifact.
  • You can refer to the source code here to understand its internals.
  • To build it locally refer here.
  • It can be created by calling OneShotNode.create(config), where:
    • OneShotNode belongs to org.openqa.selenium.grid.node.k8s
    • Config belongs to org.openqa.selenium.grid.config

5 - External datastore

Table of Contents

• Introduction
• Setup
• Database backed Session Map
  • Steps
• Redis backed Session Map
  • Steps

Introduction

Selenium Grid allows you to persist information related to currently running sessions into an external data store. The external data store could be backed by your favourite database (or) Redis Cache system.

Setup

• Coursier - As a dependency resolver, so that we can download maven artifacts on the fly and make them available in our classpath
• Docker - To manage our PostGreSQL/Redis docker containers.

Database backed Session Map

For the sake of this illustration, we are going to work with PostGreSQL database.

We will spin off a PostGreSQL database as a docker container using a docker compose file.

Steps

You can skip this step if you already have a PostGreSQL database instance available at your disposal.

• Create a sql file named init.sql with the below contents:

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS sessions_map(
    session_ids varchar(256),
    session_caps text,
    session_uri varchar(256),
    session_stereotype text,
    session_start varchar(256)
 );

• In the same directory as the init.sql, create a file named docker-compose.yml with its contents as below:

version: '3.8'
services:
  db:
    image: postgres:9.6-bullseye
    restart: always
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_USER=seluser
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD=seluser
      - POSTGRES_DB=selenium_sessions
    ports:
      - "5432:5432"
    volumes:
    - ./init.sql:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/init.sql

We can now start our database container by running:

docker-compose up -d

Our database name is selenium_sessions with its username and password set to seluser

If you are working with an already running PostGreSQL DB instance, then you just need to create a database named selenium_sessions and the table sessions_map using the above mentioned SQL statement.

• Create a Selenium Grid configuration file named sessions.toml with the below contents:

[sessions]
implementation = "org.openqa.selenium.grid.sessionmap.jdbc.JdbcBackedSessionMap"
jdbc-url = "jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/selenium_sessions"
jdbc-user = "seluser"
jdbc-password = "seluser"

Note: If you plan to use an existing PostGreSQL DB instance, then replace localhost:5432 with the actual host and port number of your instance.

• Below is a simple shell script (let’s call it distributed.sh) that we will use to bring up our distributed Grid.

SE_VERSION=<current_selenium_version>
JAR_NAME=selenium-server-${SE_VERSION}.jar
PUBLISH="--publish-events tcp://localhost:4442"
SUBSCRIBE="--subscribe-events tcp://localhost:4443"
SESSIONS="--sessions http://localhost:5556"
SESSIONS_QUEUE="--sessionqueue http://localhost:5559"
echo 'Starting Event Bus'
java -jar $JAR_NAME event-bus $PUBLISH $SUBSCRIBE --port 5557 &
echo 'Starting New Session Queue'
java -jar $JAR_NAME sessionqueue --port 5559 &
echo 'Starting Sessions Map'
java -jar $JAR_NAME \
--ext $(coursier fetch -p org.seleniumhq.selenium:selenium-session-map-jdbc:${SE_VERSION} org.postgresql:postgresql:42.3.1) \
sessions $PUBLISH $SUBSCRIBE --port 5556 --config sessions.toml &
echo 'Starting Distributor'
java -jar $JAR_NAME  distributor $PUBLISH $SUBSCRIBE $SESSIONS $SESSIONS_QUEUE --port 5553 --bind-bus false &
echo 'Starting Router'
java -jar $JAR_NAME router $SESSIONS --distributor http://localhost:5553 $SESSIONS_QUEUE --port 4444 &
echo 'Starting Node'
java -jar $JAR_NAME node $PUBLISH $SUBSCRIBE &

• At this point the current directory should contain the following files:

  • docker-compose.yml
  • init.sql
  • sessions.toml
  • distributed.sh

• You can now spawn the Grid by running distributed.sh shell script and quickly run a test. You will notice that the Grid now stores session information into the PostGreSQL database.

In the line which spawns a SessionMap on a machine:

export SE_VERSION=<current_selenium_version>
java -jar selenium-server-${SE_VERSION}.jar \
--ext $(coursier fetch -p org.seleniumhq.selenium:selenium-session-map-jdbc:${SE_VERSION} org.postgresql:postgresql:42.3.1) \
sessions --publish-events tcp://localhost:4442 \
--subscribe-events tcp://localhost:4443 \
--port 5556 --config sessions.toml 

• The variable names from the above script have been replaced with their actual values for clarity.
• Remember to substitute localhost with the actual hostname of the machine where your Event-Bus is running.
• The arguments being passed to coursier are basically the GAV (Group Artifact Version) Maven co-ordinates of:
  • selenium-session-map-jdbc which is needed to help us store sessions information in database
  • postgresql which is needed to help us talk PostGreSQL database.
• sessions.toml is the configuration file that we created earlier.

Redis backed Session Map

We will spin off a Redis Cache docker container using a docker compose file.

Steps

You can skip this step if you already have a Redis Cache instance available at your disposal.

• Create a file named docker-compose.yml with its contents as below:

version: '3.8'
services:
  redis:
    image: redis:bullseye
    restart: always
    ports:
      - "6379:6379"

We can now start our Redis container by running:

docker-compose up -d

• Create a Selenium Grid configuration file named sessions.toml with the below contents:

[sessions]
scheme = "redis"
implementation = "org.openqa.selenium.grid.sessionmap.redis.RedisBackedSessionMap"
hostname = "localhost"
port = 6379

Note: If you plan to use an existing Redis Cache instance, then replace localhost and 6379 with the actual host and port number of your instance.

• Below is a simple shell script (let’s call it distributed.sh) that we will use to bring up our distributed grid.

SE_VERSION=<current_selenium_version>
JAR_NAME=selenium-server-${SE_VERSION}.jar
PUBLISH="--publish-events tcp://localhost:4442"
SUBSCRIBE="--subscribe-events tcp://localhost:4443"
SESSIONS="--sessions http://localhost:5556"
SESSIONS_QUEUE="--sessionqueue http://localhost:5559"
echo 'Starting Event Bus'
java -jar $JAR_NAME event-bus $PUBLISH $SUBSCRIBE --port 5557 &
echo 'Starting New Session Queue'
java -jar $JAR_NAME sessionqueue --port 5559 &
echo 'Starting Session Map'
java -jar $JAR_NAME \
--ext $(coursier fetch -p org.seleniumhq.selenium:selenium-session-map-redis:${SE_VERSION}) \
sessions $PUBLISH $SUBSCRIBE --port 5556 --config sessions.toml &
echo 'Starting Distributor'
java -jar $JAR_NAME  distributor $PUBLISH $SUBSCRIBE $SESSIONS $SESSIONS_QUEUE --port 5553 --bind-bus false &
echo 'Starting Router'
java -jar $JAR_NAME router $SESSIONS --distributor http://localhost:5553 $SESSIONS_QUEUE --port 4444 &
echo 'Starting Node'
java -jar $JAR_NAME node $PUBLISH $SUBSCRIBE &

• At this point the current directory should contain the following files:

  • docker-compose.yml
  • sessions.toml
  • distributed.sh

• You can now spawn the Grid by running distributed.sh shell script and quickly run a test. You will notice that the Grid now stores session information into the Redis instance. You can perhaps make use of a Redis GUI such as TablePlus to see them (Make sure that you have setup a debug point in your test, because the values will get deleted as soon as the test runs to completion).

In the line which spawns a SessionMap on a machine:

export SE_VERSION=<current_selenium_version>
java -jar selenium-server-${SE_VERSION}.jar \
--ext $(coursier fetch -p org.seleniumhq.selenium:selenium-session-map-redis:${SE_VERSION}) \
sessions --publish-events tcp://localhost:4442 \
--subscribe-events tcp://localhost:4443 \
--port 5556 --config sessions.toml 

• The variable names from the above script have been replaced with their actual values for clarity.
• Remember to substitute localhost with the actual hostname of the machine where your Event-Bus is running.
• The arguments being passed to coursier are basically the GAV (Group Artifact Version) Maven co-ordinates of:
  • selenium-session-map-redis which is needed to help us store sessions information in Redis Cache.
• sessions.toml is the configuration file that we created earlier.