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Actions接口 用于向 Web 浏览器提供虚拟化设备输入操作的低级接口.
除了高级元素交互 之外,
Actions 接口
还提供了对指定输入设备
可以执行的确切操作的精细控制.
Selenium为3种输入源提供了接口：
键盘设备的键输入, 鼠标, 笔或触摸设备的输入, 以及滚轮设备的滚轮输入
(在Selenium 4.2中引入).
Selenium允许您构建分配给特定输入的独立操作命令,
会将他们链接在一起,
并调用关联的执行方法以一次执行它们.
Action构造器 在从遗留JSON Wire协议迁移到
新的W3C WebDriver协议的过程中,
低级的操作构建块变得特别详细.
它非常强大,
但每个输入设备都有多种使用方法,
如果您需要管理多个设备,
则负责确保他们之间的同步正确.
值得庆幸的是,
您可能不需要学习如何直接使用低级命令,
因为您可能要执行的几乎所有操作,
都已提供了相应的简便方法,
这些方法可以为您组合较低级别的命令.
请分别参阅相应的键盘 ,
鼠标 ,
笔
和滚轮 页面.
暂停 指针移动和滚轮滚动
允许用户设置操作的持续时间,
但有时您只需要在操作之间等待一下,
即可正常工作.
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Kotlin WebElement clickable = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "clickable" ));
new Actions ( driver )
. moveToElement ( clickable )
. pause ( Duration . ofSeconds ( 1 ))
. clickAndHold ()
. pause ( Duration . ofSeconds ( 1 ))
. sendKeys ( "abc" )
. perform (); clickable = driver . find_element ( By . ID , "clickable" )
ActionChains ( driver ) \
. move_to_element ( clickable ) \
. pause ( 1 ) \
. click_and_hold () \
. pause ( 1 ) \
. send_keys ( "abc" ) \
. perform () Selenium v4.2
IWebElement clickable = driver . FindElement ( By . Id ( "clickable" ));
new Actions ( driver )
. MoveToElement ( clickable )
. Pause ( TimeSpan . FromSeconds ( 1 ))
. ClickAndHold ()
. Pause ( TimeSpan . FromSeconds ( 1 ))
. SendKeys ( "abc" )
. Perform (); Selenium v4.2
clickable = driver . find_element ( id : 'clickable' )
driver . action
. move_to ( clickable )
. pause ( duration : 1 )
. click_and_hold
. pause ( duration : 1 )
. send_keys ( 'abc' )
. perform const start = Date . now ()
const clickable = await driver . findElement ( By . id ( 'clickable' ))
await driver . actions ()
. move ({ origin : clickable })
. pause ( 1000 )
. press ()
. pause ( 1000 )
val clickable = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "clickable" ))
Actions ( driver )
. moveToElement ( clickable )
. pause ( Duration . ofSeconds ( 1 ))
. clickAndHold ()
. pause ( Duration . ofSeconds ( 1 ))
. sendKeys ( "abc" )
. perform () 释放所有Actions 需要注意的重要一点是,
驱动程序会记住整个会话中所有输入项的状态.
即使创建actions类的新实例,
按下的键和指针的位置
也将处于以前执行的操作离开它们的任何状态.
有一种特殊的方法来释放所有当前按下的键和指针按钮.
此方法在每种语言中的实现方式不同,
因为它不会使用perform方法执行.
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Kotlin (( RemoteWebDriver ) driver ). resetInputState (); ActionBuilder ( driver ) . clear_actions () (( WebDriver ) driver ). ResetInputState (); driver . action . release_actions ( driver as RemoteWebDriver ). resetInputState () 1 - 键盘操作 一种适用于任何与网页交互的按键输入设备的表现形式.
只有 2 个操作可以使用键盘完成:
按下某个键，以及释放一个按下的键.
除了支持 ASCII 字符外，每个键盘按键还具有
可以按特定顺序按下或释放的表现形式.
按键 除了由常规unicode表示的按键，
其他键盘按键被分配了一些unicode值以用于操作Selenium
每种语言都有自己的方式来援引这些按键;
这里
可以找到完整列表
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Kotlin 按下按键
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Kotlin new Actions ( driver )
. keyDown ( Keys . SHIFT )
. sendKeys ( "a" )
. perform (); ActionChains ( driver ) \
. key_down ( Keys . SHIFT ) \
. send_keys ( "abc" ) \
. perform () . KeyDown ( Keys . Shift )
. SendKeys ( "a" )
. Perform ();
driver . action
. key_down ( :shift )
. send_keys ( 'a' )
. perform await driver . get ( 'https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/single_text_input.html' )
await driver . actions ()
. keyDown ( Key . SHIFT )
Actions ( driver )
. keyDown ( Keys . SHIFT )
. sendKeys ( "a" )
. perform () 释放按键
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Kotlin new Actions ( driver )
. keyDown ( Keys . SHIFT )
. sendKeys ( "a" )
. keyUp ( Keys . SHIFT )
. sendKeys ( "b" )
. perform (); ActionChains ( driver ) \
. key_down ( Keys . SHIFT ) \
. send_keys ( "a" ) \
. key_up ( Keys . SHIFT ) \
. send_keys ( "b" ) \
. perform () new Actions ( driver )
. KeyDown ( Keys . Shift )
. SendKeys ( "a" )
. KeyUp ( Keys . Shift )
. SendKeys ( "b" )
. Perform (); driver . action
. key_down ( :shift )
. send_keys ( 'a' )
. key_up ( :shift )
. send_keys ( 'b' )
. perform await textField . click ()
await driver . actions ()
. keyDown ( Key . SHIFT )
. sendKeys ( 'a' )
. keyUp ( Key . SHIFT )
Actions ( driver )
. keyDown ( Keys . SHIFT )
. sendKeys ( "a" )
. keyUp ( Keys . SHIFT )
. sendKeys ( "b" )
. perform () 键入 这是Actions API的一种便捷方法,
它将 keyDown 和 keyUp 命令组合在一个操作中.
执行此命令与使用 element 方法略有不同,
但这主要用于，需要在其他操作之间键入多个字符时使用.
活跃元素
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Kotlin new Actions ( driver )
. sendKeys ( "abc" )
. perform (); ActionChains ( driver ) \
. send_keys ( "abc" ) \
. perform ()
new Actions ( driver )
. SendKeys ( "abc" ) driver . action
. send_keys ( 'abc' )
. perform await textField . click ()
await driver . actions ()
Actions ( driver )
. sendKeys ( "abc" )
. perform () 指定元素
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Kotlin new Actions ( driver )
. sendKeys ( textField , "Selenium!" )
. perform ();
text_input = driver . find_element ( By . ID , "textInput" )
ActionChains ( driver ) \
. send_keys_to_element ( text_input , "abc" ) \
. perform () driver . FindElement ( By . TagName ( "body" )). Click ();
IWebElement textField = driver . FindElement ( By . Id ( "textInput" ));
new Actions ( driver ) text_field = driver . find_element ( id : 'textInput' )
driver . action
. send_keys ( text_field , 'Selenium!' )
. perform Selenium v4.5.0
await driver . findElement ( By . css ( 'body' )). click ()
const textField = await driver . findElement ( By . id ( 'textInput' ))
await driver . actions ()
val textField = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "textInput" ))
Actions ( driver )
. sendKeys ( textField , "Selenium!" )
. perform () 复制粘贴 下面是使用上述所有方法执行复制/粘贴操作的示例.
请注意, 用于此操作的键位会有所不同, 具体取决于它是否是 Mac OS.
此代码将以文本收尾: SeleniumSelenium!
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Kotlin Keys cmdCtrl = Platform . getCurrent (). is ( Platform . MAC ) ? Keys . COMMAND : Keys . CONTROL ;
WebElement textField = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "textInput" ));
new Actions ( driver )
. sendKeys ( textField , "Selenium!" )
. sendKeys ( Keys . ARROW_LEFT )
. keyDown ( Keys . SHIFT )
. sendKeys ( Keys . ARROW_UP )
. keyUp ( Keys . SHIFT )
. keyDown ( cmdCtrl )
. sendKeys ( "xvv" )
. keyUp ( cmdCtrl )
. perform ();
Assertions . assertEquals ( "SeleniumSelenium!" , textField . getAttribute ( "value" )); cmd_ctrl = Keys . COMMAND if sys . platform == 'darwin' else Keys . CONTROL
ActionChains ( driver ) \
. send_keys ( "Selenium!" ) \
. send_keys ( Keys . ARROW_LEFT ) \
. key_down ( Keys . SHIFT ) \
. send_keys ( Keys . ARROW_UP ) \
. key_up ( Keys . SHIFT ) \
. key_down ( cmd_ctrl ) \
. send_keys ( "xvv" ) \
. key_up ( cmd_ctrl ) \
. perform ()
var capabilities = (( WebDriver ) driver ). Capabilities ;
String platformName = ( string ) capabilities . GetCapability ( "platformName" );
String cmdCtrl = platformName . Contains ( "mac" ) ? Keys . Command : Keys . Control ;
new Actions ( driver )
. SendKeys ( "Selenium!" )
. SendKeys ( Keys . ArrowLeft )
. KeyDown ( Keys . Shift )
. SendKeys ( Keys . ArrowUp ) cmd_ctrl = driver . capabilities . platform_name . include? ( 'mac' ) ? :command : :control
driver . action
. send_keys ( 'Selenium!' )
. send_keys ( :arrow_left )
. key_down ( :shift )
. send_keys ( :arrow_up )
. key_up ( :shift )
. key_down ( cmd_ctrl )
. send_keys ( 'xvv' )
. key_up ( cmd_ctrl )
. perform const textField = await driver . findElement ( By . id ( 'textInput' ))
const cmdCtrl = platform . includes ( 'darwin' ) ? Key . COMMAND : Key . CONTROL
await driver . actions ()
. click ( textField )
. sendKeys ( 'Selenium!' )
. sendKeys ( Key . ARROW_LEFT )
. keyDown ( Key . SHIFT )
. sendKeys ( Key . ARROW_UP )
. keyUp ( Key . SHIFT )
. keyDown ( cmdCtrl )
. sendKeys ( 'xvv' )
val cmdCtrl = if ( platformName == Platform . MAC ) Keys . COMMAND else Keys . CONTROL
val textField = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "textInput" ))
Actions ( driver )
. sendKeys ( textField , "Selenium!" )
. sendKeys ( Keys . ARROW_LEFT )
. keyDown ( Keys . SHIFT )
. sendKeys ( Keys . ARROW_UP )
. keyUp ( Keys . SHIFT )
. keyDown ( cmdCtrl )
. sendKeys ( "xvv" )
. keyUp ( cmdCtrl )
. perform () 2 - Mouse actions A representation of any pointer device for interacting with a web page.
一个鼠标仅可以完成3个操作：
按住按钮，松开按钮，还有移动光标。
Selenium组合了常见的操作并提供了方便的方法。
按住鼠标左键 这个方法包含2个操作，首先将光标移动到被操作元素的正中心，然后按下鼠标左键不松开。
这对于聚焦一个特殊元素很有用：
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Kotlin WebElement clickable = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "clickable" ));
new Actions ( driver )
. clickAndHold ( clickable )
. perform (); . click_and_hold ( clickable ) \
. perform ()
sleep ( 0.5 ) IWebElement clickable = driver . FindElement ( By . Id ( "clickable" ));
new Actions ( driver )
. ClickAndHold ( clickable )
. Perform (); clickable = driver . find_element ( id : 'clickable' )
driver . action
. click_and_hold ( clickable )
. perform it ( 'Mouse move and mouseDown on an element' , async function () {
await driver . get ( 'https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/mouse_interaction.html' );
let clickable = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "clickable" )); val clickable = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "clickable" ))
Actions ( driver )
. clickAndHold ( clickable )
. perform () 点击鼠标左键 这个方法包含2个操作，首先将光标移动到被操作元素的正中心，然后按下鼠标左键后再松开。
另一种叫法“点击”：
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Kotlin WebElement clickable = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "click" ));
new Actions ( driver )
. click ( clickable )
. perform (); . click ( clickable ) \
. perform ()
assert "resultPage.html" in driver . current_url IWebElement clickable = driver . FindElement ( By . Id ( "click" ));
new Actions ( driver )
. Click ( clickable )
. Perform (); clickable = driver . find_element ( id : 'click' )
driver . action
. click ( clickable )
. perform it ( 'Mouse move and click on an element' , async function () {
await driver . get ( 'https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/mouse_interaction.html' );
let click = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "click" )); val clickable = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "click" ))
Actions ( driver )
. click ( clickable )
. perform () 点击鼠标备用按钮 鼠标一共有5个定义好的按钮:
0 — 左键 (默认值) 1 — 中间键 (当前不支持) 2 — 右键 3 — X1 (返回) 按钮 4 — X2 (前进) 按钮 点击鼠标右键 这个方法包含2个操作，首先将光标移动到被操作元素的正中心，然后点击鼠标右键。
另一种叫法“点击右键”：
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Kotlin WebElement clickable = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "clickable" ));
new Actions ( driver )
. contextClick ( clickable )
. perform (); . context_click ( clickable ) \
. perform ()
sleep ( 0.5 ) IWebElement clickable = driver . FindElement ( By . Id ( "clickable" ));
new Actions ( driver )
. ContextClick ( clickable )
. Perform (); clickable = driver . find_element ( id : 'clickable' )
driver . action
. context_click ( clickable )
. perform it ( 'Mouse move and right click on an element' , async function () {
await driver . get ( 'https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/mouse_interaction.html' );
const clickable = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "clickable" )); val clickable = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "clickable" ))
Actions ( driver )
. contextClick ( clickable )
. perform () 点击鼠标回退键 除了这个没有更方便的方法，只是点击鼠标回退按钮
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Kotlin PointerInput mouse = new PointerInput ( PointerInput . Kind . MOUSE , "default mouse" );
Sequence actions = new Sequence ( mouse , 0 )
. addAction ( mouse . createPointerDown ( PointerInput . MouseButton . BACK . asArg ()))
. addAction ( mouse . createPointerUp ( PointerInput . MouseButton . BACK . asArg ()));
(( RemoteWebDriver ) driver ). perform ( Collections . singletonList ( actions )); Selenium v4.2
action . pointer_action . pointer_up ( MouseButton . BACK )
action . perform ()
assert driver . title == "BasicMouseInterfaceTest" Selenium v4.2
ActionBuilder actionBuilder = new ActionBuilder ();
PointerInputDevice mouse = new PointerInputDevice ( PointerKind . Mouse , "default mouse" );
actionBuilder . AddAction ( mouse . CreatePointerDown ( MouseButton . Back ));
actionBuilder . AddAction ( mouse . CreatePointerUp ( MouseButton . Back ));
(( IActionExecutor ) driver ). PerformActions ( actionBuilder . ToActionSequenceList ()); Selenium v4.2
driver . action
. pointer_down ( :back )
. pointer_up ( :back )
. perform Selenium v4.5.0
assert . deepStrictEqual ( await driver . getTitle (), `We Arrive Here` )
val mouse = PointerInput ( PointerInput . Kind . MOUSE , "default mouse" )
val actions = Sequence ( mouse , 0 )
. addAction ( mouse . createPointerDown ( PointerInput . MouseButton . BACK . asArg ()))
. addAction ( mouse . createPointerUp ( PointerInput . MouseButton . BACK . asArg ()))
( driver as RemoteWebDriver ). perform ( Collections . singletonList ( actions )) 点击鼠标前进键 除了这个没有更方便的方法，只是点击鼠标前进按钮
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Kotlin PointerInput mouse = new PointerInput ( PointerInput . Kind . MOUSE , "default mouse" );
Sequence actions = new Sequence ( mouse , 0 )
. addAction ( mouse . createPointerDown ( PointerInput . MouseButton . FORWARD . asArg ()))
. addAction ( mouse . createPointerUp ( PointerInput . MouseButton . FORWARD . asArg ()));
(( RemoteWebDriver ) driver ). perform ( Collections . singletonList ( actions )); Selenium v4.2
action . pointer_action . pointer_up ( MouseButton . FORWARD )
action . perform ()
assert driver . title == "We Arrive Here" Selenium v4.2
ActionBuilder actionBuilder = new ActionBuilder ();
PointerInputDevice mouse = new PointerInputDevice ( PointerKind . Mouse , "default mouse" );
actionBuilder . AddAction ( mouse . CreatePointerDown ( MouseButton . Forward ));
actionBuilder . AddAction ( mouse . CreatePointerUp ( MouseButton . Forward ));
(( IActionExecutor ) driver ). PerformActions ( actionBuilder . ToActionSequenceList ()); Selenium v4.2
driver . action
. pointer_down ( :forward )
. pointer_up ( :forward )
. perform Selenium v4.5.0
assert . deepStrictEqual ( await driver . getTitle (), `BasicMouseInterfaceTest` )
val mouse = PointerInput ( PointerInput . Kind . MOUSE , "default mouse" )
val actions = Sequence ( mouse , 0 )
. addAction ( mouse . createPointerDown ( PointerInput . MouseButton . FORWARD . asArg ()))
. addAction ( mouse . createPointerUp ( PointerInput . MouseButton . FORWARD . asArg ()))
( driver as RemoteWebDriver ). perform ( Collections . singletonList ( actions )) 双击鼠标左键 这个方法包含2个操作，首先将光标移动到被操作元素的正中心，然后双击鼠标左键。
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Kotlin WebElement clickable = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "clickable" ));
new Actions ( driver )
. doubleClick ( clickable )
. perform (); . double_click ( clickable ) \
. perform ()
assert driver . find_element ( By . ID , "click-status" ) . text == "double-clicked" IWebElement clickable = driver . FindElement ( By . Id ( "clickable" ));
new Actions ( driver )
. DoubleClick ( clickable )
. Perform (); clickable = driver . find_element ( id : 'clickable' )
driver . action
. double_click ( clickable )
. perform it ( 'Double-click on an element' , async function () {
await driver . get ( 'https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/mouse_interaction.html' );
const clickable = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "clickable" )); val clickable = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "clickable" ))
Actions ( driver )
. doubleClick ( clickable )
. perform () 移动光标到元素上 这个方法是将光标移动到元素的中心点。
另一种叫法“悬停”。
元素必须在可视窗口范围内否则这条命令将会报错。
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Kotlin WebElement hoverable = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "hover" ));
new Actions ( driver )
. moveToElement ( hoverable )
. perform (); . move_to_element ( hoverable ) \
. perform ()
assert driver . find_element ( By . ID , "move-status" ) . text == "hovered" IWebElement hoverable = driver . FindElement ( By . Id ( "hover" ));
new Actions ( driver )
. MoveToElement ( hoverable )
. Perform (); hoverable = driver . find_element ( id : 'hover' )
driver . action
. move_to ( hoverable )
. perform it ( 'Mouse move into an element' , async function () {
await driver . get ( 'https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/mouse_interaction.html' );
const hoverable = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "hover" )); val hoverable = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "hover" ))
Actions ( driver )
. moveToElement ( hoverable )
. perform () 通过偏移量移动动光标 这些方法让光标先移动到指定的坐标原点，然后通过单位为px的偏移量进行光标相对原点的偏移移动。
注意光标位置必须在可视窗口区域否则会报错。
从元素中心点（原点）偏移 这个方法是指先将光标移动到元素中心点（原点），然后通过偏移量进行光标相对原点的偏移。
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Kotlin WebElement tracker = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "mouse-tracker" ));
new Actions ( driver )
. moveToElement ( tracker , 8 , 0 )
. perform (); . move_to_element_with_offset ( mouse_tracker , 8 , 0 ) \
. perform ()
coordinates = driver . find_element ( By . ID , "relative-location" ) . text . split ( ", " ) IWebElement tracker = driver . FindElement ( By . Id ( "mouse-tracker" ));
new Actions ( driver )
. MoveToElement ( tracker , 8 , 0 )
. Perform (); mouse_tracker = driver . find_element ( id : 'mouse-tracker' )
driver . action
. move_to ( mouse_tracker , 8 , 11 )
. perform it ( 'From element' , async function () {
await driver . get ( 'https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/mouse_interaction.html' );
const mouseTracker = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "mouse-tracker" )); val tracker = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "mouse-tracker" ))
Actions ( driver )
. moveToElement ( tracker , 8 , 0 )
. perform () 从视窗左上角（原点）偏移 这个方法是指先将光标移动到视窗左上角（原点），然后通过偏移量进行光标相对原点的偏移。
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Kotlin PointerInput mouse = new PointerInput ( PointerInput . Kind . MOUSE , "default mouse" );
Sequence actions = new Sequence ( mouse , 0 )
. addAction ( mouse . createPointerMove ( Duration . ZERO , PointerInput . Origin . viewport (), 8 , 12 ));
(( RemoteWebDriver ) driver ). perform ( Collections . singletonList ( actions )); action . perform ()
coordinates = driver . find_element ( By . ID , "absolute-location" ) . text . split ( ", " ) ActionBuilder actionBuilder = new ActionBuilder ();
PointerInputDevice mouse = new PointerInputDevice ( PointerKind . Mouse , "default mouse" );
actionBuilder . AddAction ( mouse . CreatePointerMove ( CoordinateOrigin . Viewport ,
8 , 0 , TimeSpan . Zero ));
(( IActionExecutor ) driver ). PerformActions ( actionBuilder . ToActionSequenceList ()); driver . action
. move_to_location ( 8 , 12 )
. perform it ( 'From viewport origin' , async function () {
await driver . get ( 'https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/mouse_interaction.html' ); val mouse = PointerInput ( PointerInput . Kind . MOUSE , "default mouse" )
val actions = Sequence ( mouse , 0 )
. addAction ( mouse . createPointerMove ( Duration . ZERO , PointerInput . Origin . viewport (), 8 , 12 ))
( driver as RemoteWebDriver ). perform ( Collections . singletonList ( actions )) 从当前光标位置（原点）偏移 这个方法是指光标位于当前位置（原点），然后通过偏移量进行光标相对原点的偏移。
如果之前没有移动过光标位置，则这个位置是视窗左上角（原点）。
注意当页面发生滚动后光标位置不会发生变化。
注意第一个参数指定为正数时向右移动，第二个参数指定为正数时向下移动。所以 moveByOffset(30, -10) 是指从当前光标位置向右移动30个像素位置和向上移动10个像素位置。
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Kotlin new Actions ( driver )
. moveByOffset ( 13 , 15 )
. perform (); . perform ()
coordinates = driver . find_element ( By . ID , "absolute-location" ) . text . split ( ", " ) new Actions ( driver )
. MoveByOffset ( 13 , 15 )
. Perform (); driver . action
. move_by ( 13 , 15 )
. perform await actions . move ({ x : 6 , y : 3 }). perform () Actions ( driver )
. moveByOffset ( 13 , 15 )
. perform () 拖放元素 这个方法首先在原元素上提交执行按下鼠标左键，移动到目标元素位置后是释放鼠标左键。
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Kotlin WebElement draggable = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "draggable" ));
WebElement droppable = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "droppable" ));
new Actions ( driver )
. dragAndDrop ( draggable , droppable )
. perform (); ActionChains ( driver ) \
. drag_and_drop ( draggable , droppable ) \
. perform ()
assert driver . find_element ( By . ID , "drop-status" ) . text == "dropped" IWebElement draggable = driver . FindElement ( By . Id ( "draggable" ));
IWebElement droppable = driver . FindElement ( By . Id ( "droppable" ));
new Actions ( driver )
. DragAndDrop ( draggable , droppable )
. Perform (); draggable = driver . find_element ( id : 'draggable' )
droppable = driver . find_element ( id : 'droppable' )
driver . action
. drag_and_drop ( draggable , droppable )
. perform it ( 'Onto Element' , async function () {
await driver . get ( 'https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/mouse_interaction.html' );
const draggable = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "draggable" ));
const droppable = await driver . findElement ( By . id ( "droppable" )); val draggable = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "draggable" ))
val droppable = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "droppable" ))
Actions ( driver )
. dragAndDrop ( draggable , droppable )
. perform () 通过偏移量拖放元素 这个方法首先在原元素上提交执行按下鼠标左键，通过给出的偏移量移动元素后释放鼠标左键。
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Kotlin WebElement draggable = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "draggable" ));
Rectangle start = draggable . getRect ();
Rectangle finish = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "droppable" )). getRect ();
new Actions ( driver )
. dragAndDropBy ( draggable , finish . getX () - start . getX (), finish . getY () - start . getY ())
. perform (); finish = driver . find_element ( By . ID , "droppable" ) . location
ActionChains ( driver ) \
. drag_and_drop_by_offset ( draggable , finish [ 'x' ] - start [ 'x' ], finish [ 'y' ] - start [ 'y' ]) \
. perform ()
assert driver . find_element ( By . ID , "drop-status" ) . text == "dropped" IWebElement draggable = driver . FindElement ( By . Id ( "draggable" ));
Point start = draggable . Location ;
Point finish = driver . FindElement ( By . Id ( "droppable" )). Location ;
new Actions ( driver )
. DragAndDropToOffset ( draggable , finish . X - start . X , finish . Y - start . Y )
. Perform (); draggable = driver . find_element ( id : 'draggable' )
start = draggable . rect
finish = driver . find_element ( id : 'droppable' ) . rect
driver . action
. drag_and_drop_by ( draggable , finish . x - start . x , finish . y - start . y )
. perform it ( 'By Offset' , async function () {
await driver . get ( 'https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/mouse_interaction.html' );
const draggable = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "draggable" ));
let start = await draggable . getRect ();
let finish = await driver . findElement ( By . id ( "droppable" )). getRect (); val draggable = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "draggable" ))
val start = draggable . getRect ()
val finish = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "droppable" )). getRect ()
Actions ( driver )
. dragAndDropBy ( draggable , finish . getX () - start . getX (), finish . getY () - start . getY ())
. perform () 3 - Pen actions A representation of a pen stylus kind of pointer input for interacting with a web page.
Chromium Only
A Pen is a type of pointer input that has most of the same behavior as a mouse, but can
also have event properties unique to a stylus. Additionally, while a mouse
has 5 buttons, a pen has 3 equivalent button states:
0 — Touch Contact (the default; equivalent to a left click) 2 — Barrel Button (equivalent to a right click) 5 — Eraser Button (currently unsupported by drivers) Using a Pen
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Kotlin Selenium v4.2
WebElement pointerArea = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "pointerArea" ));
new Actions ( driver )
. setActivePointer ( PointerInput . Kind . PEN , "default pen" )
. moveToElement ( pointerArea )
. clickAndHold ()
. moveByOffset ( 2 , 2 )
. release ()
. perform (); Selenium v4.2
pointer_area = driver . find_element ( By . ID , "pointerArea" )
pen_input = PointerInput ( POINTER_PEN , "default pen" )
action = ActionBuilder ( driver , mouse = pen_input )
action . pointer_action \
. move_to ( pointer_area ) \
. pointer_down () \
. move_by ( 2 , 2 ) \
. pointer_up ()
action . perform () IWebElement pointerArea = driver . FindElement ( By . Id ( "pointerArea" ));
ActionBuilder actionBuilder = new ActionBuilder ();
PointerInputDevice pen = new PointerInputDevice ( PointerKind . Pen , "default pen" );
actionBuilder . AddAction ( pen . CreatePointerMove ( pointerArea , 0 , 0 , TimeSpan . FromMilliseconds ( 800 )));
actionBuilder . AddAction ( pen . CreatePointerDown ( MouseButton . Left ));
actionBuilder . AddAction ( pen . CreatePointerMove ( CoordinateOrigin . Pointer ,
2 , 2 , TimeSpan . Zero ));
actionBuilder . AddAction ( pen . CreatePointerUp ( MouseButton . Left ));
(( IActionExecutor ) driver ). PerformActions ( actionBuilder . ToActionSequenceList ()); Selenium v4.2
pointer_area = driver . find_element ( id : 'pointerArea' )
driver . action ( devices : :pen )
. move_to ( pointer_area )
. pointer_down
. move_by ( 2 , 2 )
. pointer_up
. perform val pointerArea = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "pointerArea" ))
Actions ( driver )
. setActivePointer ( PointerInput . Kind . PEN , "default pen" )
. moveToElement ( pointerArea )
. clickAndHold ()
. moveByOffset ( 2 , 2 )
. release ()
. perform ()
Adding Pointer Event Attributes Selenium v4.2
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Kotlin WebElement pointerArea = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "pointerArea" ));
PointerInput pen = new PointerInput ( PointerInput . Kind . PEN , "default pen" );
PointerInput . PointerEventProperties eventProperties = PointerInput . eventProperties ()
. setTiltX ( - 72 )
. setTiltY ( 9 )
. setTwist ( 86 );
PointerInput . Origin origin = PointerInput . Origin . fromElement ( pointerArea );
Sequence actionListPen = new Sequence ( pen , 0 )
. addAction ( pen . createPointerMove ( Duration . ZERO , origin , 0 , 0 ))
. addAction ( pen . createPointerDown ( 0 ))
. addAction ( pen . createPointerMove ( Duration . ZERO , origin , 2 , 2 , eventProperties ))
. addAction ( pen . createPointerUp ( 0 ));
(( RemoteWebDriver ) driver ). perform ( Collections . singletonList ( actionListPen )); pointer_area = driver . find_element ( By . ID , "pointerArea" )
pen_input = PointerInput ( POINTER_PEN , "default pen" )
action = ActionBuilder ( driver , mouse = pen_input )
action . pointer_action \
. move_to ( pointer_area ) \
. pointer_down () \
. move_by ( 2 , 2 , tilt_x =- 72 , tilt_y = 9 , twist = 86 ) \
. pointer_up ( 0 )
action . perform () IWebElement pointerArea = driver . FindElement ( By . Id ( "pointerArea" ));
ActionBuilder actionBuilder = new ActionBuilder ();
PointerInputDevice pen = new PointerInputDevice ( PointerKind . Pen , "default pen" );
PointerInputDevice . PointerEventProperties properties = new PointerInputDevice . PointerEventProperties () {
TiltX = - 72 ,
TiltY = 9 ,
Twist = 86 ,
};
actionBuilder . AddAction ( pen . CreatePointerMove ( pointerArea , 0 , 0 , TimeSpan . FromMilliseconds ( 800 )));
actionBuilder . AddAction ( pen . CreatePointerDown ( MouseButton . Left ));
actionBuilder . AddAction ( pen . CreatePointerMove ( CoordinateOrigin . Pointer ,
2 , 2 , TimeSpan . Zero , properties ));
actionBuilder . AddAction ( pen . CreatePointerUp ( MouseButton . Left ));
(( IActionExecutor ) driver ). PerformActions ( actionBuilder . ToActionSequenceList ()); pointer_area = driver . find_element ( id : 'pointerArea' )
driver . action ( devices : :pen )
. move_to ( pointer_area )
. pointer_down
. move_by ( 2 , 2 , tilt_x : - 72 , tilt_y : 9 , twist : 86 )
. pointer_up
. perform val pointerArea = driver . findElement ( By . id ( "pointerArea" ))
val pen = PointerInput ( PointerInput . Kind . PEN , "default pen" )
val eventProperties = PointerInput . eventProperties ()
. setTiltX (- 72 )
. setTiltY ( 9 )
. setTwist ( 86 )
val origin = PointerInput . Origin . fromElement ( pointerArea )
val actionListPen = Sequence ( pen , 0 )
. addAction ( pen . createPointerMove ( Duration . ZERO , origin , 0 , 0 ))
. addAction ( pen . createPointerDown ( 0 ))
. addAction ( pen . createPointerMove ( Duration . ZERO , origin , 2 , 2 , eventProperties ))
. addAction ( pen . createPointerUp ( 0 ))
( driver as RemoteWebDriver ). perform ( listOf ( actionListPen ))
4 - Scroll wheel actions A representation of a scroll wheel input device for interacting with a web page.
Selenium v4.2
Chromium Only
There are 5 scenarios for scrolling on a page.
This is the most common scenario. Unlike traditional click and send keys methods,
the actions class does not automatically scroll the target element into view,
so this method will need to be used if elements are not already inside the viewport.
This method takes a web element as the sole argument.
Regardless of whether the element is above or below the current viewscreen,
the viewport will be scrolled so the bottom of the element is at the bottom of the screen.
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Kotlin WebElement iframe = driver . findElement ( By . tagName ( "iframe" ));
new Actions ( driver )
. scrollToElement ( iframe )
. perform (); iframe = driver . find_element ( By . TAG_NAME , "iframe" )
ActionChains ( driver ) \
. scroll_to_element ( iframe ) \
. perform () IWebElement iframe = driver . FindElement ( By . TagName ( "iframe" ));
new Actions ( driver )
. ScrollToElement ( iframe )
. Perform (); iframe = driver . find_element ( tag_name : 'iframe' )
driver . action
. scroll_to ( iframe )
. perform await driver . get ( "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/scrolling_tests/frame_with_nested_scrolling_frame_out_of_view.html" )
const iframe = await driver . findElement ( By . css ( "iframe" ))
val iframe = driver . findElement ( By . tagName ( "iframe" ))
Actions ( driver )
. scrollToElement ( iframe )
. perform () This is the second most common scenario for scrolling. Pass in an delta x and a delta y value for how much to scroll
in the right and down directions. Negative values represent left and up, respectively.
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Kotlin WebElement footer = driver . findElement ( By . tagName ( "footer" ));
int deltaY = footer . getRect (). y ;
new Actions ( driver )
. scrollByAmount ( 0 , deltaY )
. perform (); footer = driver . find_element ( By . TAG_NAME , "footer" )
delta_y = footer . rect [ 'y' ]
ActionChains ( driver ) \
. scroll_by_amount ( 0 , delta_y ) \
. perform () IWebElement footer = driver . FindElement ( By . TagName ( "footer" ));
int deltaY = footer . Location . Y ;
new Actions ( driver )
. ScrollByAmount ( 0 , deltaY )
. Perform (); footer = driver . find_element ( tag_name : 'footer' )
delta_y = footer . rect . y
driver . action
. scroll_by ( 0 , delta_y )
. perform
it ( 'Scroll by given amount' , async function () {
await driver . get ( "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/scrolling_tests/frame_with_nested_scrolling_frame_out_of_view.html" )
const footer = await driver . findElement ( By . css ( "footer" ))
const deltaY = ( await footer . getRect ()). y
val footer = driver . findElement ( By . tagName ( "footer" ))
val deltaY = footer . getRect (). y
Actions ( driver )
. scrollByAmount ( 0 , deltaY )
. perform () This scenario is effectively a combination of the above two methods.
To execute this use the “Scroll From” method, which takes 3 arguments.
The first represents the origination point, which we designate as the element,
and the second two are the delta x and delta y values.
If the element is out of the viewport,
it will be scrolled to the bottom of the screen, then the page will be scrolled by the provided
delta x and delta y values.
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Kotlin WebElement iframe = driver . findElement ( By . tagName ( "iframe" ));
WheelInput . ScrollOrigin scrollOrigin = WheelInput . ScrollOrigin . fromElement ( iframe );
new Actions ( driver )
. scrollFromOrigin ( scrollOrigin , 0 , 200 )
. perform (); iframe = driver . find_element ( By . TAG_NAME , "iframe" )
scroll_origin = ScrollOrigin . from_element ( iframe )
ActionChains ( driver ) \
. scroll_from_origin ( scroll_origin , 0 , 200 ) \
. perform () IWebElement iframe = driver . FindElement ( By . TagName ( "iframe" ));
WheelInputDevice . ScrollOrigin scrollOrigin = new WheelInputDevice . ScrollOrigin
{
Element = iframe
};
new Actions ( driver )
. ScrollFromOrigin ( scrollOrigin , 0 , 200 )
. Perform (); iframe = driver . find_element ( tag_name : 'iframe' )
scroll_origin = Selenium :: WebDriver :: WheelActions :: ScrollOrigin . element ( iframe )
driver . action
. scroll_from ( scroll_origin , 0 , 200 )
. perform })
it ( 'Scroll from an element by a given amount' , async function () {
await driver . get ( "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/scrolling_tests/frame_with_nested_scrolling_frame_out_of_view.html" )
val iframe = driver . findElement ( By . tagName ( "iframe" ))
val scrollOrigin = WheelInput . ScrollOrigin . fromElement ( iframe )
Actions ( driver )
. scrollFromOrigin ( scrollOrigin , 0 , 200 )
. perform () This scenario is used when you need to scroll only a portion of the screen, and it is outside the viewport.
Or is inside the viewport and the portion of the screen that must be scrolled
is a known offset away from a specific element.
This uses the “Scroll From” method again, and in addition to specifying the element,
an offset is specified to indicate the origin point of the scroll. The offset is
calculated from the center of the provided element.
If the element is out of the viewport,
it first will be scrolled to the bottom of the screen, then the origin of the scroll will be determined
by adding the offset to the coordinates of the center of the element, and finally
the page will be scrolled by the provided delta x and delta y values.
Note that if the offset from the center of the element falls outside of the viewport,
it will result in an exception.
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Kotlin WebElement footer = driver . findElement ( By . tagName ( "footer" ));
WheelInput . ScrollOrigin scrollOrigin = WheelInput . ScrollOrigin . fromElement ( footer , 0 , - 50 );
new Actions ( driver )
. scrollFromOrigin ( scrollOrigin , 0 , 200 )
. perform (); footer = driver . find_element ( By . TAG_NAME , "footer" )
scroll_origin = ScrollOrigin . from_element ( footer , 0 , - 50 )
ActionChains ( driver ) \
. scroll_from_origin ( scroll_origin , 0 , 200 ) \
. perform () IWebElement footer = driver . FindElement ( By . TagName ( "footer" ));
var scrollOrigin = new WheelInputDevice . ScrollOrigin
{
Element = footer ,
XOffset = 0 ,
YOffset = - 50
};
new Actions ( driver )
. ScrollFromOrigin ( scrollOrigin , 0 , 200 )
. Perform (); expect ( in_viewport? ( checkbox )) . to eq true
end
it 'scrolls by given amount with offset' do
driver . get ( 'https://selenium.dev/selenium/web/scrolling_tests/frame_with_nested_scrolling_frame.html' ) const footer = await driver . findElement ( By . css ( "footer" ))
await driver . actions ()
. scroll ( 0 , - 50 , 0 , 200 , footer )
. perform ()
val footer = driver . findElement ( By . tagName ( "footer" ))
val scrollOrigin = WheelInput . ScrollOrigin . fromElement ( footer , 0 , - 50 )
Actions ( driver )
. scrollFromOrigin ( scrollOrigin , 0 , 200 )
. perform () The final scenario is used when you need to scroll only a portion of the screen,
and it is already inside the viewport.
This uses the “Scroll From” method again, but the viewport is designated instead
of an element. An offset is specified from the upper left corner of the
current viewport. After the origin point is determined,
the page will be scrolled by the provided delta x and delta y values.
Note that if the offset from the upper left corner of the viewport falls outside of the screen,
it will result in an exception.
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Kotlin WheelInput . ScrollOrigin scrollOrigin = WheelInput . ScrollOrigin . fromViewport ( 10 , 10 );
new Actions ( driver )
. scrollFromOrigin ( scrollOrigin , 0 , 200 )
. perform (); scroll_origin = ScrollOrigin . from_viewport ( 10 , 10 )
ActionChains ( driver ) \
. scroll_from_origin ( scroll_origin , 0 , 200 ) \
. perform () var scrollOrigin = new WheelInputDevice . ScrollOrigin
{
Viewport = true ,
XOffset = 10 ,
YOffset = 10
};
new Actions ( driver )
. ScrollFromOrigin ( scrollOrigin , 0 , 200 )
. Perform (); scroll_origin = Selenium :: WebDriver :: WheelActions :: ScrollOrigin . viewport ( 10 , 10 )
driver . action
. scroll_from ( scroll_origin , 0 , 200 )
. perform it ( 'Scroll from an offset of origin (element) by given amount' , async function () {
await driver . get ( "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/scrolling_tests/frame_with_nested_scrolling_frame.html" )
val scrollOrigin = WheelInput . ScrollOrigin . fromViewport ( 10 , 10 )
Actions ( driver )
. scrollFromOrigin ( scrollOrigin , 0 , 200 )
. perform () 
