查询网络元素

根据提供的定位值定位元素.

使用 Selenium 最基本的特点之一是获取可用于操作的元素引用。 Selenium 提供了许多内置的定位策略，用于唯一标识元素。在更复杂的场景中，可以用多种方式使用这些定位器。为了本篇文档的目的，我们来考虑下面的 HTML 片段：

<ol id="vegetables">
 <li class="potatoes">…
 <li class="onions">…
 <li class="tomatoes"><span>Tomato is a Vegetable</span>…
</ol>
<ul id="fruits">
  <li class="bananas">…
  <li class="apples">…
  <li class="tomatoes"><span>Tomato is a Fruit</span>…
</ul>

第一个匹配的元素

许多定位器会匹配页面上的多个元素。单个的 find element 方法会返回在给定上下文中找到的第一个元素的引用。

在整个 DOM 中查找

当在 driver 实例上调用 find element 方法时，它会返回 DOM 中与所提供定位器匹配的第一个元素的引用。该引用可以被保存并用于后续的元素操作。在上面的示例 HTML 中，有两个 class 名称为 “tomatoes” 的元素，因此此方法会返回位于 “vegetables” 列表中的那个元素。

WebElement vegetable = driver.findElement(By.className("tomatoes"));

vegetable = driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "tomatoes")

var vegetable = driver.FindElement(By.ClassName("tomatoes"));

      driver.find_element(class: 'tomatoes')

View Complete Code View on GitHub

const vegetable = await driver.findElement(By.className('tomatoes'));

val vegetable: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.className("tomatoes"))

在 DOM 的子集内评估

与其在整个 DOM 中寻找唯一的定位器，通常更有用的是将搜索范围缩小到另一个已定位元素的作用域内。在上面的示例中，有两个 class 名为 “tomatoes” 的元素，因此要获取第二个元素的引用会更具挑战性。

一种解决办法是先定位一个具有唯一属性的元素，该元素是目标元素的祖先但不是非目标元素的祖先，然后在该对象上调用 find element：

WebElement fruits = driver.findElement(By.id("fruits"));
WebElement fruit = fruits.findElement(By.className("tomatoes"));

fruits = driver.find_element(By.ID, "fruits")
fruit = fruits.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME,"tomatoes")

IWebElement fruits = driver.FindElement(By.Id("fruits"));
IWebElement fruit = fruits.FindElement(By.ClassName("tomatoes"));

      fruits = driver.find_element(id: 'fruits')
      fruits.find_element(class: 'tomatoes')

View Complete Code View on GitHub

const fruits = await driver.findElement(By.id('fruits'));
const fruit = fruits.findElement(By.className('tomatoes'));

val fruits = driver.findElement(By.id("fruits"))
val fruit = fruits.findElement(By.className("tomatoes"))

Java 和 C#
WebDriver、WebElement 和 ShadowRoot 类都实现了 SearchContext 接口，
该接口被视为一种 基于角色的接口。基于角色的接口可以让你判断特定的驱动实现是否支持某项功能。
这些接口定义清晰，并尽量遵循单一职责原则。

评估 Shadow DOM

Shadow DOM 是隐藏在元素内部的封装 DOM 树。
自 Chromium 浏览器在 v96 发布后，Selenium 已支持通过易用的 shadow root 方法访问该树。注意：这些方法需要 Selenium 4.0 或更高版本。

Move Code

WebElement shadowHost = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#shadow_host"));
SearchContext shadowRoot = shadowHost.getShadowRoot();
WebElement shadowContent = shadowRoot.findElement(By.cssSelector("#shadow_content"));

shadow_host = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#shadow_host')
shadow_root = shadow_host.shadow_root
shadow_content = shadow_root.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#shadow_content')

var shadowHost = _driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("#shadow_host"));
var shadowRoot = shadowHost.GetShadowRoot();
var shadowContent = shadowRoot.FindElement(By.CssSelector("#shadow_content"));

shadow_host = @driver.find_element(css: '#shadow_host')
shadow_root = shadow_host.shadow_root
shadow_content = shadow_root.find_element(css: '#shadow_content')

Add Example

优化后的定位器

嵌套查找可能不是最有效的定位策略，因为它需要向浏览器发送两次独立的命令。

为略微提升性能，我们可以使用 CSS 或 XPath，在一次命令中定位到该元素。请参阅本节中关于定位策略建议的说明以及推荐的测试实践。

在本例中，我们将使用 CSS 选择器：

WebElement fruit = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#fruits .tomatoes"));

fruit = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,"#fruits .tomatoes")

var fruit = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("#fruits .tomatoes"));

      driver.find_element(css: '#fruits .tomatoes')

View Complete Code View on GitHub

const fruit = await driver.findElement(By.css('#fruits .tomatoes'));

val fruit = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#fruits .tomatoes"))

所有匹配的元素

在某些情况下，需要获取与定位器匹配的所有元素的引用，而不是仅获取第一个。复数形式的 find elements 方法会返回一组元素引用。如果没有匹配项，则返回空列表。在本例中，将返回所有水果和蔬菜列表项的引用集合。

List<WebElement> plants = driver.findElements(By.tagName("li"));

plants = driver.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, "li")

IReadOnlyList<IWebElement> plants = driver.FindElements(By.TagName("li"));

      driver.find_elements(tag_name: 'li')

View Complete Code View on GitHub

const plants = await driver.findElements(By.tagName('li'));

val plants: List<WebElement> = driver.findElements(By.tagName("li"))

获取元素

有时你会得到一组元素，但想操作其中某个特定元素，这意味着需要遍历该集合并找到目标元素。

List<WebElement> elements = driver.findElements(By.tagName("li"));

for (WebElement element : elements) {
    System.out.println("Paragraph text:" + element.getText());
}

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

driver = webdriver.Firefox()

    # Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.example.com")

    # Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
elements = driver.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, 'p')

for e in elements:
    print(e.text)

using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Firefox;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace FindElementsExample {
 class FindElementsExample {
  public static void Main(string[] args) {
   IWebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
   try {
    // Navigate to Url
    driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");

    // Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
    IList < IWebElement > elements = driver.FindElements(By.TagName("p"));
    foreach(IWebElement e in elements) {
     System.Console.WriteLine(e.Text);
    }

   } finally {
    driver.Quit();
   }
  }
 }
}

      elements = driver.find_elements(:tag_name, 'p')
         elements.each { |e| puts e.text }

View Complete Code View on GitHub

const {Builder, By} = require('selenium-webdriver');
(async function example() {
    let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('firefox').build();
    try {
        // Navigate to Url
        await driver.get('https://www.example.com');

        // Get all the elements available with tag 'p'
        let elements = await driver.findElements(By.css('p'));
        for(let e of elements) {
            console.log(await e.getText());
        }
    }
    finally {
        await driver.quit();
    }
})();

import org.openqa.selenium.By
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver

fun main() {
    val driver = FirefoxDriver()
    try {
        driver.get("https://example.com")
        // Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
        val elements = driver.findElements(By.tagName("p"))
        for (element in elements) {
            println("Paragraph text:" + element.text)
        }
    } finally {
        driver.quit()
    }
}

从元素查找子元素

用于在父元素的上下文中查找匹配的子 WebElement 列表。为此，可在父 WebElement 上链式调用 findElements 来访问子元素。

  import org.openqa.selenium.By;
  import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
  import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
  import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
  import java.util.List;

  public class findElementsFromElement {
      public static void main(String[] args) {
          WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
          try {
              driver.get("https://example.com");

              // Get element with tag name 'div'
              WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.tagName("div"));

              // Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
              List<WebElement> elements = element.findElements(By.tagName("p"));
              for (WebElement e : elements) {
                  System.out.println(e.getText());
              }
          } finally {
              driver.quit();
          }
      }
  }

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.example.com")
##get elements from parent element using TAG_NAME

    # Get element with tag name 'div'
element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'div')

    # Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
elements = element.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, 'p')
for e in elements:
    print(e.text)

##get elements from parent element using XPATH
##NOTE: in order to utilize XPATH from current element, you must add "." to beginning of path

    # Get first element of tag 'ul'
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//ul')

    # get children of tag 'ul' with tag 'li'
elements  = element.find_elements(By.XPATH, './/li')
for e in elements:
    print(e.text)

using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace FindElementsFromElement {
 class FindElementsFromElement {
  public static void Main(string[] args) {
   IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
   try {
    driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");

    // Get element with tag name 'div'
    IWebElement element = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("div"));

    // Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
    IList < IWebElement > elements = element.FindElements(By.TagName("p"));
    foreach(IWebElement e in elements) {
     System.Console.WriteLine(e.Text);
    }
   } finally {
    driver.Quit();
   }
  }
 }
}

      element = driver.find_element(:tag_name, 'div')
         elements = element.find_elements(:tag_name, 'p')
         elements.each { |e| puts e.text }

View Complete Code View on GitHub

  const {Builder, By} = require('selenium-webdriver');

  (async function example() {
      let driver = new Builder()
          .forBrowser('chrome')
          .build();

      await driver.get('https://www.example.com');

      // Get element with tag name 'div'
      let element = driver.findElement(By.css("div"));

      // Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
      let elements = await element.findElements(By.css("p"));
      for(let e of elements) {
          console.log(await e.getText());
      }
  })();

  import org.openqa.selenium.By
  import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver

  fun main() {
      val driver = ChromeDriver()
      try {
          driver.get("https://example.com")

          // Get element with tag name 'div'
          val element = driver.findElement(By.tagName("div"))

          // Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
          val elements = element.findElements(By.tagName("p"))
          for (e in elements) {
              println(e.text)
          }
      } finally {
          driver.quit()
      }
  }

获取活动元素

用于跟踪或查找当前浏览上下文中具有焦点的 DOM 元素。

  import org.openqa.selenium.*;
  import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;

  public class activeElementTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
      WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
      try {
        driver.get("http://www.google.com");
        driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("[name='q']")).sendKeys("webElement");

        // Get attribute of current active element
        String attr = driver.switchTo().activeElement().getAttribute("title");
        System.out.println(attr);
      } finally {
        driver.quit();
      }
    }
  }

  from selenium import webdriver
  from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

  driver = webdriver.Chrome()
  driver.get("https://www.google.com")
  driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '[name="q"]').send_keys("webElement")

    # Get attribute of current active element
  attr = driver.switch_to.active_element.get_attribute("title")
  print(attr)

    using OpenQA.Selenium;
    using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;

    namespace ActiveElement {
     class ActiveElement {
      public static void Main(string[] args) {
       IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
       try {
        // Navigate to Url
        driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.google.com");
        driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("[name='q']")).SendKeys("webElement");

        // Get attribute of current active element
        string attr = driver.SwitchTo().ActiveElement().GetAttribute("title");
        System.Console.WriteLine(attr);
       } finally {
        driver.Quit();
       }
      }
     }
    }

      driver.find_element(css: '[name="q"]').send_keys('webElement')
        driver.switch_to.active_element.attribute('title')

View Complete Code View on GitHub

  const {Builder, By} = require('selenium-webdriver');

  (async function example() {
      let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
      await driver.get('https://www.google.com');
      await  driver.findElement(By.css('[name="q"]')).sendKeys("webElement");

      // Get attribute of current active element
      let attr = await driver.switchTo().activeElement().getAttribute("title");
      console.log(`${attr}`)
  })();

  import org.openqa.selenium.By
  import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver

  fun main() {
      val driver = ChromeDriver()
      try {
          driver.get("https://www.google.com")
          driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("[name='q']")).sendKeys("webElement")

          // Get attribute of current active element
          val attr = driver.switchTo().activeElement().getAttribute("title")
          print(attr)
      } finally {
          driver.quit()
      }
  }

最后修改 January 21, 2026: docs(zh-cn): update finders documentation for clarity and accuracy (#2567) (bdae90a14d)

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查询网络元素

第一个匹配的元素

在整个 DOM 中查找

/examples/ruby/spec/elements/finders_spec.rb

在 DOM 的子集内评估

/examples/ruby/spec/elements/finders_spec.rb

评估 Shadow DOM

优化后的定位器

/examples/ruby/spec/elements/finders_spec.rb

所有匹配的元素

/examples/ruby/spec/elements/finders_spec.rb

获取元素

/examples/ruby/spec/elements/finders_spec.rb

从元素查找子元素

/examples/ruby/spec/elements/finders_spec.rb

获取活动元素

/examples/ruby/spec/elements/finders_spec.rb

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