从浏览器中读取当前页面的标题:
String title = driver.getTitle();title = driver.title String title = driver.Title; current_title = driver.title let title = await driver.getTitle();driver.title您可以从浏览器的地址栏读取当前的 URL，使用:
String url = driver.getCurrentUrl();title = driver.current_url String url = driver.Url; current_url = driver.current_url let currentUrl = await driver.getCurrentUrl();driver.currentUrl启动浏览器后你要做的第一件事就是打开你的网站。这可以通过一行代码实现:
//Convenient
driver.get("https://selenium.dev");
//Longer way
driver.navigate().to("https://selenium.dev");driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/index.html") //Convenient
driver.Url = "https://selenium.dev";
//Longer
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://selenium.dev"); driver.navigate.to 'https://www.selenium.dev/'
driver.get 'https://www.selenium.dev/'
expect(driver.current_url).to eq 'https://www.selenium.dev/' //Convenient
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev');
//Longer way
await driver.navigate().to("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/index.html");// 简便的方法
driver.get("https://selenium.dev")
// 更长的方法
driver.navigate().to("https://selenium.dev")按下浏览器的后退按钮:
//Back
driver.navigate().back();driver.back() //Back
driver.Navigate().Back(); driver.navigate.back //Back
await driver.navigate().back();driver.navigate().back() 按下浏览器的前进键:
//Forward
driver.navigate().forward();driver.forward() //Forward
driver.Navigate().Forward(); driver.navigate.forward //Forward
await driver.navigate().forward();driver.navigate().forward()刷新当前页面:
//Refresh
driver.navigate().refresh();driver.refresh() //Refresh
driver.Navigate().Refresh(); driver.navigate.refresh //Refresh
await driver.navigate().refresh();driver.navigate().refresh()WebDriver提供了一个API, 用于处理JavaScript提供的三种类型的原生弹窗消息. 这些弹窗由浏览器提供限定的样式.
其中最基本的称为警告框, 它显示一条自定义消息, 以及一个用于关闭该警告的按钮, 在大多数浏览器中标记为"确定"(OK). 在大多数浏览器中, 也可以通过按"关闭"(close)按钮将其关闭, 但这始终与“确定”按钮具有相同的作用. 查看样例警告框.
WebDriver可以从弹窗获取文本并接受或关闭这些警告.
Alert alert=driver.switchTo().alert();
//Store the alert text in a variable and verify it
String text = alert.getText();
assertEquals(text,"Sample Alert");
//Press the OK button
alert.accept(); element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See an example alert")
element.click()
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, timeout=2)
alert = wait.until(lambda d : d.switch_to.alert)
text = alert.text
alert.accept()//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See an example alert")).Click();
//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
IAlert alert = wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());
//Store the alert text in a variable
string text = alert.Text;
//Press the OK button
alert.Accept();
# Store the alert reference in a variable
alert = driver.switch_to.alert
# Get the text of the alert
alert.text
# Press on Cancel button
alert.dismiss let alert = await driver.switchTo().alert();
let alertText = await alert.getText();
await alert.accept();//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See an example alert")).click()
//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
val alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())
//Store the alert text in a variable
val text = alert.getText()
//Press the OK button
alert.accept()
确认框类似于警告框, 不同之处在于用户还可以选择取消消息. 查看样例确认框.
此示例还呈现了警告的另一种实现:
alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
//Store the alert text in a variable and verify it
text = alert.getText();
assertEquals(text,"Are you sure?");
//Press the Cancel button
alert.dismiss(); element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See a sample confirm")
driver.execute_script("arguments[0].click();", element)
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, timeout=2)
alert = wait.until(lambda d : d.switch_to.alert)
text = alert.text
alert.dismiss()//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See a sample confirm")).Click();
//Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());
//Store the alert in a variable
IAlert alert = driver.SwitchTo().Alert();
//Store the alert in a variable for reuse
string text = alert.Text;
//Press the Cancel button
alert.Dismiss();
# Store the alert reference in a variable
alert = driver.switch_to.alert
# Get the text of the alert
alert.text
# Press on Cancel button
alert.dismiss let alert = await driver.switchTo().alert();
let alertText = await alert.getText();
// Verify
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample confirm")).click()
//Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())
//Store the alert in a variable
val alert = driver.switchTo().alert()
//Store the alert in a variable for reuse
val text = alert.text
//Press the Cancel button
alert.dismiss()
提示框与确认框相似, 不同之处在于它们还包括文本输入. 与处理表单元素类似, 您可以使用WebDriver的sendKeys来填写响应. 这将完全替换占位符文本. 按下取消按钮将不会提交任何文本. 查看样例提示框.
alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
//Store the alert text in a variable and verify it
text = alert.getText();
assertEquals(text,"What is your name?");
//Type your message
alert.sendKeys("Selenium");
//Press the OK button
alert.accept(); element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See a sample prompt")
driver.execute_script("arguments[0].click();", element)
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, timeout=2)
alert = wait.until(lambda d : d.switch_to.alert)
alert.send_keys("Selenium")
text = alert.text
alert.accept()//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See a sample prompt")).Click();
//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
IAlert alert = wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());
//Type your message
alert.SendKeys("Selenium");
//Press the OK button
alert.Accept();
# Store the alert reference in a variable
alert = driver.switch_to.alert
# Type a message
alert.send_keys('selenium')
# Press on Ok button
alert.accept await driver.wait(until.alertIsPresent());
let alert = await driver.switchTo().alert();
//Type your message
await alert.sendKeys(text);//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample prompt")).click()
//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
val alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())
//Type your message
alert.sendKeys("Selenium")
//Press the OK button
alert.accept()
Cookie是从网站发送并存储在您的计算机中的一小段数据. Cookies主要用于识别用户并加载存储的信息.
WebDriver API提供了一种使用内置的方法与Cookie进行交互:
这个方法常常用于将cookie添加到当前访问的上下文中. 添加Cookie仅接受一组已定义的可序列化JSON对象. 这里 是一个链接, 用于描述可接受的JSON键值的列表
首先, 您需要位于有效Cookie的域上. 如果您在开始与网站进行交互之前尝试预设cookie, 并且您的首页很大或需要一段时间才能加载完毕, 则可以选择在网站上找到一个较小的页面 (通常404页很小, 例如 http://example.com/some404page)
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class addCookie {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
// Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("key", "value"));
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.add_cookie({"name": "key", "value": "value"})
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace AddCookie {
class AddCookie {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
// Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("key", "value"));
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
# Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "key", value: "value")
ensure
driver.quit
end
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'key', value: 'value' });import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
// Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("key", "value"))
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
此方法返回与cookie名称匹配的序列化cookie数据中所有关联的cookie.
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class getCookieNamed {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("foo", "bar"));
// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
Cookie cookie1 = driver.manage().getCookieNamed("foo");
System.out.println(cookie1);
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo", "value": "bar"})
# Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
print(driver.get_cookie("foo"))
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace GetCookieNamed {
class GetCookieNamed {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("foo", "bar"));
// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
var cookie = driver.Manage().Cookies.GetCookieNamed("foo");
System.Console.WriteLine(cookie);
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "foo", value: "bar")
# Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
puts driver.manage.cookie_named('foo')
ensure
driver.quit
end
// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
await driver.manage().getCookie('foo').then(function(cookie) {
console.log('cookie details => ', cookie);
});import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("foo", "bar"))
// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
val cookie = driver.manage().getCookieNamed("foo")
println(cookie)
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
此方法会针对当前访问上下文返回“成功的序列化cookie数据”. 如果浏览器不再可用, 则返回错误.
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.util.Set;
public class getAllCookies {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
// Add few cookies
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));
// Get All available cookies
Set<Cookie> cookies = driver.manage().getCookies();
System.out.println(cookies);
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test1", "value": "cookie1"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test2", "value": "cookie2"})
# Get all available cookies
print(driver.get_cookies())
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace GetAllCookies {
class GetAllCookies {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));
// Get All available cookies
var cookies = driver.Manage().Cookies.AllCookies;
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test1", value: "cookie1")
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test2", value: "cookie2")
# Get all available cookies
puts driver.manage.all_cookies
ensure
driver.quit
end
await driver.manage().getCookies().then(function(cookies) {
console.log('cookie details => ', cookies);
});import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1", "cookie1"))
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test2", "cookie2"))
// Get All available cookies
val cookies = driver.manage().cookies
println(cookies)
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
此方法删除与提供的cookie名称匹配的cookie数据.
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class deleteCookie {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
Cookie cookie1 = new Cookie("test2", "cookie2");
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1);
// delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("test1");
/*
Selenium Java bindings also provides a way to delete
cookie by passing cookie object of current browsing context
*/
driver.manage().deleteCookie(cookie1);
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test1", "value": "cookie1"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test2", "value": "cookie2"})
# Delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.delete_cookie("test1")
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace DeleteCookie {
class DeleteCookie {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
var cookie = new Cookie("test2", "cookie2");
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(cookie);
// delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteCookieNamed("test1");
// Selenium .net bindings also provides a way to delete
// cookie by passing cookie object of current browsing context
driver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteCookie(cookie);
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test1", value: "cookie1")
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test2", value: "cookie2")
# delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.manage.delete_cookie('test1')
ensure
driver.quit
end
// Delete a cookie with name 'test1'
await driver.manage().deleteCookie('test1');import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1", "cookie1"))
val cookie1 = Cookie("test2", "cookie2")
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1)
// delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("test1")
// delete cookie by passing cookie object of current browsing context.
driver.manage().deleteCookie(cookie1)
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
此方法删除当前访问上下文的所有cookie.
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class deleteAllCookies {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));
// deletes all cookies
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test1", "value": "cookie1"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test2", "value": "cookie2"})
# Deletes all cookies
driver.delete_all_cookies()
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace DeleteAllCookies {
class DeleteAllCookies {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));
// deletes all cookies
driver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteAllCookies();
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test1", value: "cookie1")
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test2", value: "cookie2")
# deletes all cookies
driver.manage.delete_all_cookies
ensure
driver.quit
end
// Delete all cookies
await driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1", "cookie1"))
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test2", "cookie2"))
// deletes all cookies
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies()
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
此属性允许用户引导浏览器控制cookie, 是否与第三方站点发起的请求一起发送. 引入其是为了防止CSRF（跨站请求伪造）攻击.
Same-Site cookie属性接受以下两种参数作为指令
当sameSite属性设置为 Strict, cookie不会与来自第三方网站的请求一起发送.
当您将cookie sameSite属性设置为 Lax, cookie将与第三方网站发起的GET请求一起发送.
注意: 到目前为止, 此功能已在Chrome(80+版本), Firefox(79+版本)中提供, 并适用于Selenium 4以及更高版本.
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class cookieTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
Cookie cookie = new Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Strict").build();
Cookie cookie1 = new Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Lax").build();
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie);
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1);
System.out.println(cookie.getSameSite());
System.out.println(cookie1.getSameSite());
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Adds the cookie into current browser context with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'
driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo", "value": "value", 'sameSite': 'Strict'})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo1", "value": "value", 'sameSite': 'Lax'})
cookie1 = driver.get_cookie('foo')
cookie2 = driver.get_cookie('foo1')
print(cookie1)
print(cookie2)
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace SameSiteCookie {
class SameSiteCookie {
static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");
var cookie1Dictionary = new System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<string, object>() {
{ "name", "test1" }, { "value", "cookie1" }, { "sameSite", "Strict" } };
var cookie1 = Cookie.FromDictionary(cookie1Dictionary);
var cookie2Dictionary = new System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<string, object>() {
{ "name", "test2" }, { "value", "cookie2" }, { "sameSite", "Lax" } };
var cookie2 = Cookie.FromDictionary(cookie2Dictionary);
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(cookie1);
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(cookie2);
System.Console.WriteLine(cookie1.SameSite);
System.Console.WriteLine(cookie2.SameSite);
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
# Adds the cookie into current browser context with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "foo", value: "bar", same_site: "Strict")
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "foo1", value: "bar", same_site: "Lax")
puts driver.manage.cookie_named('foo')
puts driver.manage.cookie_named('foo1')
ensure
driver.quit
end
// set a cookie on the current domain with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'key', value: 'value', sameSite: 'Strict' });
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'key', value: 'value', sameSite: 'Lax' });import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
val cookie = Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Strict").build()
val cookie1 = Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Lax").build()
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie)
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1)
println(cookie.getSameSite())
println(cookie1.getSameSite())
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
框架是一种现在已被弃用的方法，用于从同一域中的多个文档构建站点布局。除非你使用的是 HTML5 之前的 webapp，否则你不太可能与他们合作。内嵌框架允许插入来自完全不同领域的文档，并且仍然经常使用。
如果您需要使用框架或 iframe, WebDriver 允许您以相同的方式使用它们。考虑 iframe 中的一个按钮。 如果我们使用浏览器开发工具检查元素，我们可能会看到以下内容:
<div id="modal">
<iframe id="buttonframe"name="myframe"src="https://seleniumhq.github.io">
<button>Click here</button>
</iframe>
</div>
如果不是 iframe，我们可能会使用如下方式点击按钮:
// 这不会工作
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click(); # 这不会工作
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click()// 这不会工作
driver.FindElement(By.TagName("button")).Click(); # 这不会工作
driver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click// 这不会工作
await driver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();// 这不会工作
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()但是，如果 iframe 之外没有按钮，那么您可能会得到一个 no such element 无此元素 的错误。 这是因为 Selenium 只知道顶层文档中的元素。为了与按钮进行交互，我们需要首先切换到框架， 这与切换窗口的方式类似。WebDriver 提供了三种切换到帧的方法。
使用 WebElement 进行切换是最灵活的选择。您可以使用首选的选择器找到框架并切换到它。
//switch To IFrame using Web Element
WebElement iframe = driver.findElement(By.id("iframe1"));
//Switch to the frame
driver.switchTo().frame(iframe);
assertEquals(true, driver.getPageSource().contains("We Leave From Here"));
//Now we can type text into email field
WebElement emailE= driver.findElement(By.id("email"));
emailE.sendKeys("admin@selenium.dev");
emailE.clear(); # 存储网页元素
iframe = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#modal > iframe")
# 切换到选择的 iframe
driver.switch_to.frame(iframe)
# 单击按钮
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click() //switch To IFrame using Web Element
IWebElement iframe = driver.FindElement(By.Id("iframe1"));
//Switch to the frame
driver.SwitchTo().Frame(iframe);
Assert.AreEqual(true, driver.PageSource.Contains("We Leave From Here"));
//Now we can type text into email field
IWebElement emailE = driver.FindElement(By.Id("email"));
emailE.SendKeys("admin@selenium.dev");
emailE.Clear(); # Store iframe web element
iframe = driver.find_element(:css,'#modal> iframe')
# 切换到 frame
driver.switch_to.frame iframe
# 单击按钮
driver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click// 存储网页元素
const iframe = driver.findElement(By.css('#modal> iframe'));
// 切换到 frame
await driver.switchTo().frame(iframe);
// 现在可以点击按钮
await driver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();// 存储网页元素
val iframe = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#modal>iframe"))
// 切换到 frame
driver.switchTo().frame(iframe)
// 现在可以点击按钮
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()如果您的 frame 或 iframe 具有 id 或 name 属性，则可以使用该属性。如果名称或 id 在页面上不是唯一的， 那么将切换到找到的第一个。
//switch To IFrame using name or id
driver.findElement(By.name("iframe1-name"));
//Switch to the frame
driver.switchTo().frame(iframe);
assertEquals(true, driver.getPageSource().contains("We Leave From Here"));
WebElement email=driver.findElement(By.id("email"));
//Now we can type text into email field
email.sendKeys("admin@selenium.dev");
email.clear(); # 通过 id 切换框架
driver.switch_to.frame('buttonframe')
# 单击按钮
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click() //switch To IFrame using name or id
driver.FindElement(By.Name("iframe1-name"));
//Switch to the frame
driver.SwitchTo().Frame(iframe);
Assert.AreEqual(true, driver.PageSource.Contains("We Leave From Here"));
IWebElement email = driver.FindElement(By.Id("email"));
//Now we can type text into email field
email.SendKeys("admin@selenium.dev");
email.Clear(); # Switch by ID
driver.switch_to.frame 'buttonframe'
# 单击按钮
driver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click// 使用 ID
await driver.switchTo().frame('buttonframe');
// 或者使用 name 代替
await driver.switchTo().frame('myframe');
// 现在可以点击按钮
await driver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();// 使用 ID
driver.switchTo().frame("buttonframe")
// 或者使用 name 代替
driver.switchTo().frame("myframe")
// 现在可以点击按钮
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()还可以使用frame的索引， 例如可以使用JavaScript中的 window.frames 进行查询.
//switch To IFrame using index
driver.switchTo().frame(0); # 切换到第 2 个框架
driver.switch_to.frame(1) //switch To IFrame using index
driver.SwitchTo().Frame(0); # 基于索引切换到第 2 个 iframe
iframe = driver.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME,'iframe')[1]
# 切换到选择的 iframe
driver.switch_to.frame(iframe)// 切换到第 2 个框架
await driver.switchTo().frame(1);// 切换到第 2 个框架
driver.switchTo().frame(1)离开 iframe 或 frameset，切换回默认内容，如下所示:
//leave frame
driver.switchTo().defaultContent(); # 切回到默认内容
driver.switch_to.default_content() //leave frame
driver.SwitchTo().DefaultContent(); # 回到顶层
driver.switch_to.default_content// 回到顶层
await driver.switchTo().defaultContent();// 回到顶层
driver.switchTo().defaultContent()Printing a webpage is a common task, whether for sharing information or maintaining archives. Selenium simplifies this process through its PrintOptions, PrintsPage, and browsingContext classes, which provide a flexible and intuitive interface for automating the printing of web pages. These classes enable you to configure printing preferences, such as page layout, margins, and scaling, ensuring that the output meets your specific requirements.
Using the getOrientation() and setOrientation() methods, you can get/set the page orientation — either PORTRAIT or LANDSCAPE.
public void TestOrientation()
{
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.setOrientation(PrintOptions.Orientation.LANDSCAPE);
PrintOptions.Orientation current_orientation = printOptions.getOrientation();
} public void TestOrientation()
{
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://selenium.dev");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.Orientation = PrintOrientation.Landscape;
PrintOrientation currentOrientation = printOptions.Orientation;
}def test_orientation(driver):
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.orientation = "landscape" ## landscape or portrait
assert print_options.orientation == "landscape"Using the getPageRanges() and setPageRanges() methods, you can get/set the range of pages to print — e.g. “2-4”.
public void TestRange()
{
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.setPageRanges("1-2");
String[] current_range = printOptions.getPageRanges();
} public void TestRange()
{
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://selenium.dev");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.AddPageRangeToPrint("1-3"); // add range of pages
printOptions.AddPageToPrint(5); // add individual page
} def test_range(driver):
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.page_ranges = ["1, 2, 3"] ## ["1", "2", "3"] or ["1-3"]
assert print_options.page_ranges == ["1, 2, 3"]Using the getPaperSize() and setPaperSize() methods, you can get/set the paper size to print — e.g. “A0”, “A6”, “Legal”, “Tabloid”, etc.
public void TestSize()
{
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.setScale(.50);
double current_scale = printOptions.getScale();
} public void TestSize()
{
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
PrintOptions.PageSize currentDimensions = printOptions.PageDimensions;
}def test_size(driver):
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.scale = 0.5 ## 0.1 to 2.0``
assert print_options.scale == 0.5Using the getPageMargin() and setPageMargin() methods, you can set the margin sizes of the page you wish to print — i.e. top, bottom, left, and right margins.
{
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
PageMargin margins = new PageMargin(1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0);
printOptions.setPageMargin(margins);
double topMargin = margins.getTop();
double bottomMargin = margins.getBottom();
double leftMargin = margins.getLeft();
double rightMargin = margins.getRight();
} public void TestMargins()
{
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
PrintOptions.Margins currentMargins = printOptions.PageMargins;
}def test_margin(driver):
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.margin_top = 10
print_options.margin_bottom = 10
print_options.margin_left = 10
print_options.margin_right = 10
assert print_options.margin_top == 10
assert print_options.margin_bottom == 10
assert print_options.margin_left == 10
assert print_options.margin_right == 10Using getScale() and setScale() methods, you can get/set the scale of the page you wish to print — e.g. 1.0 is 100% or default, 0.25 is 25%, etc.
public void TestScale()
{
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.setScale(.50);
double current_scale = printOptions.getScale();
} public void TestScale()
{
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.ScaleFactor = 0.5;
double currentScale = printOptions.ScaleFactor;
}def test_scale(driver):
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.scale = 0.5 ## 0.1 to 2.0
current_scale = print_options.scale
assert current_scale == 0.5Using getBackground() and setBackground() methods, you can get/set whether background colors and images appear — boolean true or false.
public void TestBackground()
{
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.setBackground(true);
boolean current_background = printOptions.getBackground();
} public void TestBackgrounds()
{
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.OutputBackgroundImages = true;
bool currentBackgrounds = printOptions.OutputBackgroundImages;
}def test_background(driver):
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.background = True ## True or False
assert print_options.background is TrueUsing getBackground() and setBackground() methods, you can get/set whether the page will shrink-to-fit content on the page — boolean true or false.
public void TestShrinkToFit()
{
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.setShrinkToFit(true);
boolean current_shrink_to_fit = printOptions.getShrinkToFit();
} public void TestShrinkToFit()
{
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.ShrinkToFit = true;
bool currentShrinkToFit = printOptions.ShrinkToFit;
}def test_shrink_to_fit(driver):
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.shrink_to_fit = True ## True or False
assert print_options.shrink_to_fit is TrueOnce you’ve configured your PrintOptions, you’re ready to print the page. To do this,
you can invoke the print function, which generates a PDF representation of the web page.
The resulting PDF can be saved to your local storage for further use or distribution.
Using PrintsPage(), the print command will return the PDF data in base64-encoded format, which can be decoded
and written to a file in your desired location, and using BrowsingContext() will return a String.
There may currently be multiple implementations depending on your language of choice. For example, with Java you
have the ability to print using either BrowingContext() or PrintsPage(). Both take PrintOptions() objects as a
parameter.
Note: BrowsingContext() is part of Selenium’s BiDi implementation. To enable BiDi see Enabling Bidi
PrintsPage()
public void PrintWithPrintsPageTest()
{
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintsPage printer = (PrintsPage) driver;
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
Pdf printedPage = printer.print(printOptions);
Assertions.assertNotNull(printedPage);
}BrowsingContext()
public void PrintWithBrowsingContextTest()
{
BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/formPage.html");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
String printPage = browsingContext.print(printOptions);
Assertions.assertTrue(printPage.length() > 0);
}print_page()
def test_prints_page(driver):
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
print_options = PrintOptions()
pdf = driver.print_page(print_options)
assert len(pdf) > 0WebDriver 没有区分窗口和标签页。如果你的站点打开了一个新标签页或窗口，Selenium 将允许您使用窗口句柄来处理它。 每个窗口都有一个唯一的标识符，该标识符在单个会话中保持持久性。你可以使用以下方法获得当前窗口的窗口句柄:
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/window_switching_tests/page_with_frame.html");
//fetch handle of this
String currHandle=driver.getWindowHandle();
assertNotNull(currHandle);driver.current_window_handledriver.window_handleawait driver.getWindowHandle();driver.windowHandle单击在 <a href=“https://seleniumhq.github.io"target="_blank”>新窗口 中打开链接， 则屏幕会聚焦在新窗口或新标签页上，但 WebDriver 不知道操作系统认为哪个窗口是活动的。 要使用新窗口，您需要切换到它。 如果只有两个选项卡或窗口被打开，并且你知道从哪个窗口开始， 则你可以遍历 WebDriver， 通过排除法可以看到两个窗口或选项卡，然后切换到你需要的窗口或选项卡。
不过，Selenium 4 提供了一个新的 api NewWindow 它创建一个新选项卡 (或) 新窗口并自动切换到它。
//click on link to open a new window
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Open new window")).click();
//fetch handles of all windows, there will be two, [0]- default, [1] - new window
Object[] windowHandles=driver.getWindowHandles().toArray();
driver.switchTo().window((String) windowHandles[1]);
//assert on title of new window
String title=driver.getTitle();
assertEquals("Simple Page",title);from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
# 启动驱动程序
with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
# 打开网址
driver.get("https://seleniumhq.github.io")
# 设置等待
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
# 存储原始窗口的 ID
original_window = driver.current_window_handle
# 检查一下，我们还没有打开其他的窗口
assert len(driver.window_handles) == 1
# 单击在新窗口中打开的链接
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "new window").click()
# 等待新窗口或标签页
wait.until(EC.number_of_windows_to_be(2))
# 循环执行，直到找到一个新的窗口句柄
for window_handle in driver.window_handles:
if window_handle != original_window:
driver.switch_to.window(window_handle)
break
# 等待新标签页完成加载内容
wait.until(EC.title_is("SeleniumHQ Browser Automation")) # 存储原始窗口的 ID
original_window = driver.window_handle
#检查一下，我们还没有打开其他的窗口
assert(driver.window_handles.length == 1,'Expected one window')
#点击在新窗口中打开的链接
driver.find_element(link:'new window').click
#等待新窗口或标签页
wait.until {driver.window_handles.length == 2}
#循环执行，直到找到一个新的窗口句柄
driver.window_handles.each do |handle|
if handle != original_window
driver.switch_to.window handle
break
end
end
#等待新标签页完成加载内容
wait.until {driver.title =='Selenium documentation'}// 存储原始窗口的 ID
const originalWindow = await driver.getWindowHandle();
// 检查一下，我们还没有打开其他的窗口
assert((await driver.getAllWindowHandles()).length === 1);
// 点击在新窗口中打开的链接
await driver.findElement(By.linkText('new window')).click();
// 等待新窗口或标签页
await driver.wait(async () => (await driver.getAllWindowHandles()).length === 2,
10000
);
// 循环执行，直到找到一个新的窗口句柄
const windows = await driver.getAllWindowHandles();
windows.forEach(async handle => {if (handle !== originalWindow) {await driver.switchTo().window(handle);
}
});
// 等待新标签页完成加载内容
await driver.wait(until.titleIs('Selenium documentation'), 10000);// 存储原始窗口的 ID
val originalWindow = driver.getWindowHandle()
// 检查一下，我们还没有打开其他的窗口
assert(driver.getWindowHandles().size() === 1)
// 点击在新窗口中打开的链接
driver.findElement(By.linkText("new window")).click()
// 等待新窗口或标签页
wait.until(numberOfWindowsToBe(2))
// 循环执行，直到找到一个新的窗口句柄
for (windowHandle in driver.getWindowHandles()) {
if (!originalWindow.contentEquals(windowHandle)) {
driver.switchTo().window(windowHandle)
break
}
}
// 等待新标签页完成加载内容
wait.until(titleIs("Selenium documentation"))当你完成了一个窗口或标签页的工作时，_并且_它不是浏览器中最后一个打开的窗口或标签页时，你应该关闭它并切换回你之前使用的窗口。 假设您遵循了前一节中的代码示例，您将把前一个窗口句柄存储在一个变量中。把这些放在一起，你会得到:
//closing current window
driver.close();
//Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.switchTo().window((String) windowHandles[0]); #关闭标签页或窗口
driver.close()
#切回到之前的标签页或窗口
driver.switch_to.window(original_window) #关闭标签页或窗口
driver.close
#切回到之前的标签页或窗口
driver.switch_to.window original_window//关闭标签页或窗口
await driver.close();
//切回到之前的标签页或窗口
await driver.switchTo().window(originalWindow);//关闭标签页或窗口
driver.close()
//切回到之前的标签页或窗口
driver.switchTo().window(originalWindow)如果在关闭一个窗口后忘记切换回另一个窗口句柄，WebDriver 将在当前关闭的页面上执行，并触发一个 No Such Window Exception 无此窗口异常。必须切换回有效的窗口句柄才能继续执行。
创建一个新窗口 (或) 标签页，屏幕焦点将聚焦在新窗口或标签在上。您不需要切换到新窗口 (或) 标签页。如果除了新窗口之外， 您打开了两个以上的窗口 (或) 标签页，您可以通过遍历 WebDriver 看到两个窗口或选项卡，并切换到非原始窗口。
注意: 该特性适用于 Selenium 4 及其后续版本。
//Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB);
assertEquals("",driver.getTitle());
//Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW);
assertEquals("",driver.getTitle()); # 打开新标签页并切换到新标签页
driver.switch_to.new_window('tab')
# 打开一个新窗口并切换到新窗口
driver.switch_to.new_window('window')打开新标签页并切换到新标签页
driver.switch_to.new_window(:tab)打开一个新窗口并切换到新窗口
driver.switch_to.new_window(:window)// 打开新标签页并切换到新标签页
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB)
// 打开一个新窗口并切换到新窗口
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW)当你完成了浏览器会话，你应该调用 quit 退出，而不是 close 关闭:
//quitting driver
driver.quit(); //close all windowsdriver.quit()driver.quitawait driver.quit();driver.quit()调用 quit() 失败将留下额外的后台进程和端口运行在机器上，这可能在以后导致一些问题。
有的测试框架提供了一些方法和注释，您可以在测试结束时放入 teardown() 方法中。
/**
* 使用 JUnit 的例子
* https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/api/org/junit/jupiter/api/AfterAll.html
*/
@AfterAll
public static void tearDown() {
driver.quit();
} # unittest teardown
# https://docs.python.org/3/library/unittest.html?highlight=teardown#unittest.TestCase.tearDown
def tearDown(self):
self.driver.quit()/*
使用 Visual Studio 的 UnitTesting 的例子
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/microsoft.visualstudio.testtools.unittesting.aspx
*/
[TestCleanup]
public void TearDown()
{driver.Quit();
} # UnitTest Teardown
# https://www.rubydoc.info/github/test-unit/test-unit/Test/Unit/TestCase
def teardown
@driver.quit
end/**
* 使用 Mocha 的例子
* https://mochajs.org/#hooks
*/
after('Tear down', async function () {await driver.quit();
});
/**
* 使用 JUnit 的例子
* https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/api/org/junit/jupiter/api/AfterAll.html
*/
@AfterAll
fun tearDown() {
driver.quit()
}如果不在测试上下文中运行 WebDriver，您可以考虑使用 try / finally，这是大多数语言都提供的，
这样一个异常处理仍然可以清理 WebDriver 会话。
try {
//WebDriver 代码…
} finally {
driver.quit();
}try:
#WebDriver 代码…
finally:
driver.quit()try {//WebDriver 代码…} finally {driver.Quit();
}begin
#WebDriver 代码…
ensure
driver.quit
endtry {//WebDriver 代码…} finally {await driver.quit();
}try {//WebDriver 代码…} finally {driver.quit()
}Python 的 WebDriver 现在支持 Python 上下文管理器，当使用 with 关键字时，可以在执行结束时自动退出驱动程序。
with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
# WebDriver 代码…
# 在此缩进位置后 WebDriver 会自动退出
屏幕分辨率会影响 web 应用程序的呈现方式，因此 WebDriver 提供了移动和调整浏览器窗口大小的机制。
获取浏览器窗口的大小(以像素为单位)。
// 分别获取每个尺寸
int width = driver.manage().window().getSize().getWidth();
int height = driver.manage().window().getSize().getHeight();
// 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
Dimension size = driver.manage().window().getSize();
int width1 = size.getWidth();
int height1 = size.getHeight(); # 分别获取每个尺寸
width = driver.get_window_size().get("width")
height = driver.get_window_size().get("height")
# 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
size = driver.get_window_size()
width1 = size.get("width")
height1 = size.get("height")// 分别获取每个尺寸
int width = driver.Manage().Window.Size.Width;
int height = driver.Manage().Window.Size.Height;
// 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
System.Drawing.Size size = driver.Manage().Window.Size;
int width1 = size.Width;
int height1 = size.Height; # 分别获取每个尺寸
width = driver.manage.window.size.width
height = driver.manage.window.size.height
# 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
size = driver.manage.window.size
width1 = size.width
height1 = size.height// 分别获取每个尺寸
val width = driver.manage().window().size.width
val height = driver.manage().window().size.height
// 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
val size = driver.manage().window().size
val width1 = size.width
val height1 = size.height恢复窗口并设置窗口大小。
driver.manage().window().setSize(new Dimension(1024, 768));driver.set_window_size(1024, 768)driver.Manage().Window.Size = new Size(1024, 768);driver.manage.window.resize_to(1024,768)await driver.manage().window().setRect({width: 1024, height: 768});driver.manage().window().size = Dimension(1024, 768)获取浏览器窗口左上角的坐标。
// 分别获取每个尺寸
int x = driver.manage().window().getPosition().getX();
int y = driver.manage().window().getPosition().getY();
// 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
Point position = driver.manage().window().getPosition();
int x1 = position.getX();
int y1 = position.getY(); # 分别获取每个尺寸
x = driver.get_window_position().get('x')
y = driver.get_window_position().get('y')
# 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
position = driver.get_window_position()
x1 = position.get('x')
y1 = position.get('y')// 分别获取每个尺寸
int x = driver.Manage().Window.Position.X;
int y = driver.Manage().Window.Position.Y;
// 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
Point position = driver.Manage().Window.Position;
int x1 = position.X;
int y1 = position.Y; #Access each dimension individually
x = driver.manage.window.position.x
y = driver.manage.window.position.y
# Or store the dimensions and query them later
rect = driver.manage.window.rect
x1 = rect.x
y1 = rect.y// 分别获取每个尺寸
val x = driver.manage().window().position.x
val y = driver.manage().window().position.y
// 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
val position = driver.manage().window().position
val x1 = position.x
val y1 = position.y将窗口移动到设定的位置。
// 将窗口移动到主显示器的左上角
driver.manage().window().setPosition(new Point(0, 0)); # 将窗口移动到主显示器的左上角
driver.set_window_position(0, 0)// 将窗口移动到主显示器的左上角
driver.Manage().Window.Position = new Point(0, 0);driver.manage.window.move_to(0,0)// 将窗口移动到主显示器的左上角
await driver.manage().window().setRect({x: 0, y: 0});// 将窗口移动到主显示器的左上角
driver.manage().window().position = Point(0,0)扩大窗口。对于大多数操作系统，窗口将填满屏幕，而不会阻挡操作系统自己的菜单和工具栏。
driver.manage().window().maximize();driver.maximize_window()driver.Manage().Window.Maximize();driver.manage.window.maximizeawait driver.manage().window().maximize();driver.manage().window().maximize()最小化当前浏览上下文的窗口. 这种命令的精准行为将作用于各个特定的窗口管理器.
最小化窗口通常将窗口隐藏在系统托盘中.
注意: 此功能适用于Selenium 4以及更高版本.
driver.manage().window().minimize();driver.minimize_window()driver.Manage().Window.Minimize();driver.manage.window.minimizeawait driver.manage().window().minimize();driver.manage().window().minimize()填充整个屏幕，类似于在大多数浏览器中按下 F11。
driver.manage().window().fullscreen();driver.fullscreen_window()driver.Manage().Window.FullScreen();driver.manage.window.full_screenawait driver.manage().window().fullscreen();driver.manage().window().fullscreen()用于捕获当前浏览上下文的屏幕截图. WebDriver端点 屏幕截图 返回以Base64格式编码的屏幕截图.
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.io.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
public class SeleniumTakeScreenshot {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("./image.png"));
driver.quit();
}
}from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Returns and base64 encoded string into image
driver.save_screenshot('./image.png')
driver.quit()using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");
Screenshot screenshot = (driver as ITakesScreenshot).GetScreenshot();
screenshot.SaveAsFile("screenshot.png", ScreenshotImageFormat.Png); // Format values are Bmp, Gif, Jpeg, Png, Tiffrequire 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://example.com/'
# Takes and Stores the screenshot in specified path
driver.save_screenshot('./image.png')
endimport com.oracle.tools.packager.IOUtils.copyFile
import org.openqa.selenium.*
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import java.io.File
fun main(){
val driver = ChromeDriver()
driver.get("https://www.example.com")
val scrFile = (driver as TakesScreenshot).getScreenshotAs<File>(OutputType.FILE)
copyFile(scrFile, File("./image.png"))
driver.quit()
}用于捕获当前浏览上下文的元素的屏幕截图. WebDriver端点 屏幕截图 返回以Base64格式编码的屏幕截图.
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
public class SeleniumelementTakeScreenshot {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://www.example.com");
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"));
File scrFile = element.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("./image.png"));
driver.quit();
}
}from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
ele = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'h1')
# Returns and base64 encoded string into image
ele.screenshot('./image.png')
driver.quit()using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;
// Webdriver
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");
// Fetch element using FindElement
var webElement = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("h1"));
// Screenshot for the element
var elementScreenshot = (webElement as ITakesScreenshot).GetScreenshot();
elementScreenshot.SaveAsFile("screenshot_of_element.png"); # Works with Selenium4-alpha7 Ruby bindings and above
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://example.com/'
ele = driver.find_element(:css, 'h1')
# Takes and Stores the element screenshot in specified path
ele.save_screenshot('./image.jpg')
endimport org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.*
import java.io.File
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
driver.get("https://www.example.com")
val element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"))
val scrFile: File = element.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE)
FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, File("./image.png"))
driver.quit()
}在当前frame或者窗口的上下文中，执行JavaScript代码片段.
//Creating the JavascriptExecutor interface object by Type casting
JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;
//Button Element
WebElement button =driver.findElement(By.name("btnLogin"));
//Executing JavaScript to click on element
js.executeScript("arguments[0].click();", button);
//Get return value from script
String text = (String) js.executeScript("return arguments[0].innerText", button);
//Executing JavaScript directly
js.executeScript("console.log('hello world')"); # Stores the header element
header = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "h1")
# Executing JavaScript to capture innerText of header element
driver.execute_script('return arguments[0].innerText', header)//creating Chromedriver instance
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
//Creating the JavascriptExecutor interface object by Type casting
IJavaScriptExecutor js = (IJavaScriptExecutor) driver;
//Button Element
IWebElement button = driver.FindElement(By.Name("btnLogin"));
//Executing JavaScript to click on element
js.ExecuteScript("arguments[0].click();", button);
//Get return value from script
String text = (String)js.ExecuteScript("return arguments[0].innerText", button);
//Executing JavaScript directly
js.ExecuteScript("console.log('hello world')"); # Stores the header element
header = driver.find_element(css: 'h1')
# Get return value from script
result = driver.execute_script("return arguments[0].innerText", header)
# Executing JavaScript directly
driver.execute_script("alert('hello world')")// Stores the header element
val header = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"))
// Get return value from script
val result = driver.executeScript("return arguments[0].innerText", header)
// Executing JavaScript directly
driver.executeScript("alert('hello world')")打印当前浏览器内的页面
注意: 此功能需要无头模式下的Chromium浏览器
import org.openqa.selenium.print.PrintOptions;
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev");
printer = (PrintsPage) driver;
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.setPageRanges("1-2");
Pdf pdf = printer.print(printOptions);
String content = pdf.getContent();from selenium.webdriver.common.print_page_options import PrintOptions
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.page_ranges = ['1-2']
driver.get("printPage.html")
base64code = driver.print_page(print_options)// code sample not available please raise a PRdriver.navigate_to 'https://www.selenium.dev'
base64encodedContent = driver.print_page(orientation: 'landscape') await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/alerts.html');
let base64 = await driver.printPage({pageRanges: ["1-2"]});
// page can be saved as a PDF as below
// await fs.writeFileSync('./test.pdf', base64, 'base64');
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev")
val printer = driver as PrintsPage
val printOptions = PrintOptions()
printOptions.setPageRanges("1-2")
val pdf: Pdf = printer.print(printOptions)
val content = pdf.contentWeb 应用程序可以启用基于公钥的身份验证机制（称为 Web 身份验证）以无密码方式对用户进行身份验证。 Web 身份验证 定义了允许用户创建公钥凭据并将其注册到身份验证器的 API。 身份验证器可以是硬件设备或软件实体，用于存储用户的公钥凭证并根据请求检索它们。
顾名思义，虚拟身份验证器模拟此类身份验证器进行测试。
虚拟身份验证器具有 一组属性。 这些属性在 Selenium 绑定中映射为 VirtualAuthenticatorOptions。
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.setIsUserVerified(true)
.setHasUserVerification(true)
.setIsUserConsenting(true)
.setTransport(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Transport.USB)
.setProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.setHasResidentKey(false); // Create virtual authenticator options
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetIsUserVerified(true)
.SetHasUserVerification(true)
.SetIsUserConsenting(true)
.SetTransport(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Transport.USB)
.SetProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.SetHasResidentKey(false); options = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
options.is_user_verified = True
options.has_user_verification = True
options.is_user_consenting = True
options.transport = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Transport.USB
options.protocol = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F
options.has_resident_key = False options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions();
options.setIsUserVerified(true);
options.setHasUserVerification(true);
options.setIsUserConsenting(true);
options.setTransport(Transport['USB']);
options.setProtocol(Protocol['U2F']);
options.setHasResidentKey(false);它使用提供的属性创建一个新的虚拟身份验证器。
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.setProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.setHasResidentKey(false);
VirtualAuthenticator authenticator =
((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(options); // Create virtual authenticator options
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.SetHasResidentKey(false);
// Register a virtual authenticator
((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(options);
List<Credential> credentialList = ((WebDriver)driver).GetCredentials(); options = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
options.protocol = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F
options.has_resident_key = False
# Register a virtual authenticator
driver.add_virtual_authenticator(options) options.setProtocol(Protocol['U2F']);
options.setHasResidentKey(false);
// Register a virtual authenticator
await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);删除之前添加的虚拟身份验证器。
((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).removeVirtualAuthenticator(authenticator); VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.SetHasResidentKey(false);
String virtualAuthenticatorId = ((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(options);
((WebDriver)driver).RemoveVirtualAuthenticator(virtualAuthenticatorId); options = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
# Register a virtual authenticator
driver.add_virtual_authenticator(options)
# Remove virtual authenticator
driver.remove_virtual_authenticator() await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
await driver.removeVirtualAuthenticator();使用给定的所需凭据 参数 创建一个永久(有状态的)凭据。
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
byte[] userHandle = {1};
Credential residentCredential = Credential.createResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", rsaPrivateKey, userHandle, /*signCount=*/0); byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
byte[] userHandle = { 1 };
Credential residentCredential = Credential.CreateResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedPK, userHandle, 0); options = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
options.protocol = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.CTAP2
options.has_resident_key = True
options.has_user_verification = True
options.is_user_verified = True
# Register a virtual authenticator
driver.add_virtual_authenticator(options)
# parameters for Resident Credential
credential_id = bytearray({1, 2, 3, 4})
rp_id = "localhost"
user_handle = bytearray({1})
privatekey = urlsafe_b64decode(BASE64__ENCODED_PK)
sign_count = 0
# create a resident credential using above parameters
resident_credential = Credential.create_resident_credential(credential_id, rp_id, user_handle, privatekey, sign_count) options.setProtocol(Protocol['CTAP2']);
options.setHasResidentKey(true);
options.setHasUserVerification(true);
options.setIsUserVerified(true);
await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
let residentCredential = new Credential().createResidentCredential(
new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4]),
'localhost',
new Uint8Array([1]),
Buffer.from(BASE64_ENCODED_PK, 'base64').toString('binary'),
0);
await driver.addCredential(residentCredential);使用给定的所需凭据 参数 创建一个常驻(无状态)凭据。
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.createNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", ec256PrivateKey, /*signCount=*/0); byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.CreateNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedEC256PK, 0); let nonResidentCredential = new Credential().createNonResidentCredential(
new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4]),
'localhost',
Buffer.from(base64EncodedPK, 'base64').toString('binary'),
0);向身份验证器注册凭据。
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.setProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.setHasResidentKey(false);
VirtualAuthenticator authenticator = ((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.createNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", ec256PrivateKey, /*signCount=*/0);
authenticator.addCredential(nonResidentCredential); VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.SetHasResidentKey(false);
((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(options);
byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.CreateNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedEC256PK, 0);
((WebDriver)driver).AddCredential(nonResidentCredential); options.setProtocol(Protocol['U2F']);
options.setHasResidentKey(false);
await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
let nonResidentCredential = new Credential().createNonResidentCredential(
new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4]),
'localhost',
Buffer.from(base64EncodedPK, 'base64').toString('binary'),
0);
await driver.addCredential(nonResidentCredential);返回身份验证者拥有的凭据列表。
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.setProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.CTAP2)
.setHasResidentKey(true)
.setHasUserVerification(true)
.setIsUserVerified(true);
VirtualAuthenticator authenticator = ((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
byte[] userHandle = {1};
Credential residentCredential = Credential.createResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", rsaPrivateKey, userHandle, /*signCount=*/0);
authenticator.addCredential(residentCredential);
List<Credential> credentialList = authenticator.getCredentials(); VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetProtocol(Protocol.CTAP2)
.SetHasResidentKey(true)
.SetHasUserVerification(true)
.SetIsUserVerified(true);
((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(options);
byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
byte[] userHandle = { 1 };
Credential residentCredential = Credential.CreateResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedPK, userHandle, 0);
((WebDriver)driver).AddCredential(residentCredential);
List<Credential> credentialList = ((WebDriver)driver).GetCredentials(); options.setProtocol(Protocol['CTAP2']);
options.setHasResidentKey(true);
options.setHasUserVerification(true);
options.setIsUserVerified(true);
await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
let residentCredential = new Credential().createResidentCredential(
new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4]),
'localhost',
new Uint8Array([1]),
Buffer.from(BASE64_ENCODED_PK, 'base64').toString('binary'),
0);
await driver.addCredential(residentCredential);
let credentialList = await driver.getCredentials();根据传递的凭据ID从身份验证器中删除凭据。
((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions());
byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.CreateNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedEC256PK, 0);
((WebDriver)driver).AddCredential(nonResidentCredential);
((WebDriver)driver).RemoveCredential(credentialId); VirtualAuthenticator authenticator =
((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions());
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
Credential credential = Credential.createNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", rsaPrivateKey, 0);
authenticator.addCredential(credential);
authenticator.removeCredential(credentialId);从身份验证器中删除所有凭据。
VirtualAuthenticator authenticator =
((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions());
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
Credential residentCredential = Credential.createNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", rsaPrivateKey, /*signCount=*/0);
authenticator.addCredential(residentCredential);
authenticator.removeAllCredentials(); ((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions());
byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.CreateNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedEC256PK, 0);
((WebDriver)driver).AddCredential(nonResidentCredential);
((WebDriver)driver).RemoveAllCredentials(); await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
let nonResidentCredential = new Credential().createNonResidentCredential(
new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4]),
'localhost',
Buffer.from(BASE64_ENCODED_PK, 'base64').toString('binary'),
0);
await driver.addCredential(nonResidentCredential);
driver.removeAllCredentials();设置身份验证器是模拟用户验证成功还是失败。
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.setIsUserVerified(true); VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetIsUserVerified(true);}, { browsers: [Browser.CHROME]});
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