Alertalert=driver.switchTo().alert();//Store the alert text in a variable and verify itStringtext=alert.getText();assertEquals(text,"Sample Alert");//Press the OK buttonalert.accept();
element=driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT,"See an example alert")element.click()wait=WebDriverWait(driver,timeout=2)alert=wait.until(lambdad:d.switch_to.alert)text=alert.textalert.accept()
//Click the link to activate the alertdriver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See an example alert")).Click();//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variableIAlertalert=wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());//Store the alert text in a variablestringtext=alert.Text;//Press the OK buttonalert.Accept();
# Store the alert reference in a variablealert=driver.switch_to.alert# Get the text of the alertalert.text# Press on Cancel buttonalert.dismiss
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See an example alert")).click()//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
valalert=wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())//Store the alert text in a variable
valtext=alert.getText()//Press the OK button
alert.accept()
alert=driver.switchTo().alert();//Store the alert text in a variable and verify ittext=alert.getText();assertEquals(text,"Are you sure?");//Press the Cancel buttonalert.dismiss();
element=driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT,"See a sample confirm")driver.execute_script("arguments[0].click();",element)wait=WebDriverWait(driver,timeout=2)alert=wait.until(lambdad:d.switch_to.alert)text=alert.textalert.dismiss()
//Click the link to activate the alertdriver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See a sample confirm")).Click();//Wait for the alert to be displayedwait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());//Store the alert in a variableIAlertalert=driver.SwitchTo().Alert();//Store the alert in a variable for reusestringtext=alert.Text;//Press the Cancel buttonalert.Dismiss();
# Store the alert reference in a variablealert=driver.switch_to.alert# Get the text of the alertalert.text# Press on Cancel buttonalert.dismiss
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample confirm")).click()//Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())//Store the alert in a variable
valalert=driver.switchTo().alert()//Store the alert in a variable for reuse
valtext=alert.text//Press the Cancel button
alert.dismiss()
alert=driver.switchTo().alert();//Store the alert text in a variable and verify ittext=alert.getText();assertEquals(text,"What is your name?");//Type your messagealert.sendKeys("Selenium");//Press the OK buttonalert.accept();
element=driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT,"See a sample prompt")driver.execute_script("arguments[0].click();",element)wait=WebDriverWait(driver,timeout=2)alert=wait.until(lambdad:d.switch_to.alert)alert.send_keys("Selenium")text=alert.textalert.accept()
//Click the link to activate the alertdriver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See a sample prompt")).Click();//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variableIAlertalert=wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());//Type your messagealert.SendKeys("Selenium");//Press the OK buttonalert.Accept();
# Store the alert reference in a variablealert=driver.switch_to.alert# Type a messagealert.send_keys('selenium')# Press on Ok buttonalert.accept
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample prompt")).click()//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
valalert=wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())//Type your message
alert.sendKeys("Selenium")//Press the OK button
alert.accept()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html");// Add cookie into current browser contextdriver.manage().addCookie(newCookie("key","value"));
fromseleniumimportwebdriverdriver=webdriver.Chrome()driver.get("http://www.example.com")# Adds the cookie into current browser contextdriver.add_cookie({"name":"key","value":"value"})
driver.Url="https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html";// Add cookie into current browser contextdriver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(newCookie("key","value"));
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://www.example.com'# Adds the cookie into current browser contextdriver.manage.add_cookie(name:"key",value:"value")ensuredriver.quitend
importorg.openqa.selenium.Cookieimportorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriverfunmain(){valdriver=ChromeDriver()try{driver.get("https://example.com")// Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("key","value"))}finally{driver.quit()}}
获取命名的 Cookie
此方法返回与cookie名称匹配的序列化cookie数据中所有关联的cookie.
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html");// Add cookie into current browser contextdriver.manage().addCookie(newCookie("foo","bar"));// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'Cookiecookie=driver.manage().getCookieNamed("foo");
fromseleniumimportwebdriverdriver=webdriver.Chrome()# Navigate to urldriver.get("http://www.example.com")# Adds the cookie into current browser contextdriver.add_cookie({"name":"foo","value":"bar"})# Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'print(driver.get_cookie("foo"))
driver.Url="https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html";// Add cookie into current browser contextdriver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(newCookie("foo","bar"));// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'Cookiecookie=driver.Manage().Cookies.GetCookieNamed("foo");
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://www.example.com'driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"foo",value:"bar")# Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'putsdriver.manage.cookie_named('foo')ensuredriver.quitend
// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
awaitdriver.manage().getCookie('foo').then(function(cookie){console.log('cookie details => ',cookie);});
importorg.openqa.selenium.Cookieimportorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriverfunmain(){valdriver=ChromeDriver()try{driver.get("https://example.com")driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("foo","bar"))// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
valcookie=driver.manage().getCookieNamed("foo")println(cookie)}finally{driver.quit()}}
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html");// Add cookies into current browser contextdriver.manage().addCookie(newCookie("test1","cookie1"));driver.manage().addCookie(newCookie("test2","cookie2"));// Get cookiesSet<Cookie>cookies=driver.manage().getCookies();for(Cookiecookie:cookies){if(cookie.getName().equals("test1")){Assertions.assertEquals(cookie.getValue(),"cookie1");}if(cookie.getName().equals("test2")){Assertions.assertEquals(cookie.getValue(),"cookie2");}}
fromseleniumimportwebdriverdriver=webdriver.Chrome()# Navigate to urldriver.get("http://www.example.com")driver.add_cookie({"name":"test1","value":"cookie1"})driver.add_cookie({"name":"test2","value":"cookie2"})# Get all available cookiesprint(driver.get_cookies())
driver.Url="https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html";// Add cookies into current browser contextdriver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(newCookie("test1","cookie1"));driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(newCookie("test2","cookie2"));// Get cookiesvarcookies=driver.Manage().Cookies.AllCookies;foreach(varcookieincookies){if(cookie.Name.Equals("test1")){Assert.AreEqual("cookie1",cookie.Value);}if(cookie.Name.Equals("test2")){Assert.AreEqual("cookie2",cookie.Value);}}
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://www.example.com'driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"test1",value:"cookie1")driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"test2",value:"cookie2")# Get all available cookiesputsdriver.manage.all_cookiesensuredriver.quitend
importorg.openqa.selenium.Cookieimportorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriverfunmain(){valdriver=ChromeDriver()try{driver.get("https://example.com")driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1","cookie1"))driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test2","cookie2"))// Get All available cookies
valcookies=driver.manage().cookiesprintln(cookies)}finally{driver.quit()}}
fromseleniumimportwebdriverdriver=webdriver.Chrome()# Navigate to urldriver.get("http://www.example.com")driver.add_cookie({"name":"test1","value":"cookie1"})driver.add_cookie({"name":"test2","value":"cookie2"})# Delete a cookie with name 'test1'driver.delete_cookie("test1")
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://www.example.com'driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"test1",value:"cookie1")driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"test2",value:"cookie2")# delete a cookie with name 'test1'driver.manage.delete_cookie('test1')ensuredriver.quitend
// Delete a cookie with name 'test1'
awaitdriver.manage().deleteCookie('test1');
importorg.openqa.selenium.Cookieimportorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriverfunmain(){valdriver=ChromeDriver()try{driver.get("https://example.com")driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1","cookie1"))valcookie1=Cookie("test2","cookie2")driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1)// delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("test1")// delete cookie by passing cookie object of current browsing context.
driver.manage().deleteCookie(cookie1)}finally{driver.quit()}}
删除所有 Cookies
此方法删除当前访问上下文的所有cookie.
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html");// Add cookies into current browser contextdriver.manage().addCookie(newCookie("test1","cookie1"));driver.manage().addCookie(newCookie("test2","cookie2"));// Delete All cookiesdriver.manage().deleteAllCookies();
fromseleniumimportwebdriverdriver=webdriver.Chrome()# Navigate to urldriver.get("http://www.example.com")driver.add_cookie({"name":"test1","value":"cookie1"})driver.add_cookie({"name":"test2","value":"cookie2"})# Deletes all cookiesdriver.delete_all_cookies()
driver.Url="https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html";// Add cookies into current browser contextdriver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(newCookie("test1","cookie1"));driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(newCookie("test2","cookie2"));// Delete All cookiesdriver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteAllCookies();
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://www.example.com'driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"test1",value:"cookie1")driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"test2",value:"cookie2")# deletes all cookiesdriver.manage.delete_all_cookiesensuredriver.quitend
// Delete all cookies
awaitdriver.manage().deleteAllCookies();
importorg.openqa.selenium.Cookieimportorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriverfunmain(){valdriver=ChromeDriver()try{driver.get("https://example.com")driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1","cookie1"))driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test2","cookie2"))// deletes all cookies
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies()}finally{driver.quit()}}
fromseleniumimportwebdriverdriver=webdriver.Chrome()driver.get("http://www.example.com")# Adds the cookie into current browser context with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'driver.add_cookie({"name":"foo","value":"value",'sameSite':'Strict'})driver.add_cookie({"name":"foo1","value":"value",'sameSite':'Lax'})cookie1=driver.get_cookie('foo')cookie2=driver.get_cookie('foo1')print(cookie1)print(cookie2)
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://www.example.com'# Adds the cookie into current browser context with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"foo",value:"bar",same_site:"Strict")driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"foo1",value:"bar",same_site:"Lax")putsdriver.manage.cookie_named('foo')putsdriver.manage.cookie_named('foo1')ensuredriver.quitend
// set a cookie on the current domain with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'
awaitdriver.manage().addCookie({name:'key',value:'value',sameSite:'Strict'});awaitdriver.manage().addCookie({name:'key',value:'value',sameSite:'Lax'});
但是,如果 iframe 之外没有按钮,那么您可能会得到一个 no such element 无此元素 的错误。
这是因为 Selenium 只知道顶层文档中的元素。为了与按钮进行交互,我们需要首先切换到框架,
这与切换窗口的方式类似。WebDriver 提供了三种切换到帧的方法。
使用 WebElement
使用 WebElement 进行切换是最灵活的选择。您可以使用首选的选择器找到框架并切换到它。
//switch To IFrame using Web ElementWebElementiframe=driver.findElement(By.id("iframe1"));//Switch to the framedriver.switchTo().frame(iframe);assertEquals(true,driver.getPageSource().contains("We Leave From Here"));//Now we can type text into email fieldWebElementemailE=driver.findElement(By.id("email"));emailE.sendKeys("admin@selenium.dev");emailE.clear();
//switch To IFrame using Web ElementIWebElementiframe=driver.FindElement(By.Id("iframe1"));//Switch to the framedriver.SwitchTo().Frame(iframe);Assert.AreEqual(true,driver.PageSource.Contains("We Leave From Here"));//Now we can type text into email fieldIWebElementemailE=driver.FindElement(By.Id("email"));emailE.SendKeys("admin@selenium.dev");emailE.Clear();
# Store iframe web elementiframe=driver.find_element(:css,'#modal> iframe')# 切换到 framedriver.switch_to.frameiframe# 单击按钮driver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click
如果您的 frame 或 iframe 具有 id 或 name 属性,则可以使用该属性。如果名称或 id 在页面上不是唯一的,
那么将切换到找到的第一个。
//switch To IFrame using name or iddriver.findElement(By.name("iframe1-name"));//Switch to the framedriver.switchTo().frame(iframe);assertEquals(true,driver.getPageSource().contains("We Leave From Here"));WebElementemail=driver.findElement(By.id("email"));//Now we can type text into email fieldemail.sendKeys("admin@selenium.dev");email.clear();
# 通过 id 切换框架driver.switch_to.frame('buttonframe')# 单击按钮driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME,'button').click()
//switch To IFrame using name or iddriver.FindElement(By.Name("iframe1-name"));//Switch to the framedriver.SwitchTo().Frame(iframe);Assert.AreEqual(true,driver.PageSource.Contains("We Leave From Here"));IWebElementemail=driver.FindElement(By.Id("email"));//Now we can type text into email fieldemail.SendKeys("admin@selenium.dev");email.Clear();
# Switch by IDdriver.switch_to.frame'buttonframe'# 单击按钮driver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click
// 使用 ID
awaitdriver.switchTo().frame('buttonframe');// 或者使用 name 代替
awaitdriver.switchTo().frame('myframe');// 现在可以点击按钮
awaitdriver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();
// 使用 ID
driver.switchTo().frame("buttonframe")// 或者使用 name 代替
driver.switchTo().frame("myframe")// 现在可以点击按钮
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()
deftest_orientation(driver):driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")print_options=PrintOptions()print_options.orientation="landscape"## landscape or portraitassertprint_options.orientation=="landscape"
publicvoidTestRange(){IWebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://selenium.dev");PrintOptionsprintOptions=newPrintOptions();printOptions.AddPageRangeToPrint("1-3");// add range of pagesprintOptions.AddPageToPrint(5);// add individual page}
deftest_size(driver):driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")print_options=PrintOptions()print_options.scale=0.5## 0.1 to 2.0``assertprint_options.scale==0.5
deftest_scale(driver):driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")print_options=PrintOptions()print_options.scale=0.5## 0.1 to 2.0current_scale=print_options.scaleassertcurrent_scale==0.5
deftest_background(driver):driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")print_options=PrintOptions()print_options.background=True## True or Falseassertprint_options.backgroundisTrue
deftest_shrink_to_fit(driver):driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")print_options=PrintOptions()print_options.shrink_to_fit=True## True or Falseassertprint_options.shrink_to_fitisTrue
配置好打印选项后,就可以打印页面了。为此,您可以调用打印功能,生成网页的 PDF 表示形式。
生成的 PDF 文件可以保存到本地存储器中,以便进一步使用或分发。
使用 PrintsPage() 时,打印命令将以 base64 编码格式返回 PDF
数据,该格式可以解码并写入所需位置的文件,而使用 BrowsingContext() 时将返回字符串。
// Navigate to Urldriver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/window_switching_tests/page_with_frame.html");//fetch handle of thisStringcurrHandle=driver.getWindowHandle();assertNotNull(currHandle);
不过,Selenium 4 提供了一个新的 api NewWindow
它创建一个新选项卡 (或) 新窗口并自动切换到它。
//click on link to open a new windowdriver.findElement(By.linkText("Open new window")).click();//fetch handles of all windows, there will be two, [0]- default, [1] - new windowObject[]windowHandles=driver.getWindowHandles().toArray();driver.switchTo().window((String)windowHandles[1]);//assert on title of new windowStringtitle=driver.getTitle();assertEquals("Simple Page",title);
//Opens a new tab and switches to new tabdriver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB);assertEquals("",driver.getTitle());//Opens a new window and switches to new windowdriver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW);assertEquals("",driver.getTitle());
#Access each dimension individuallyx=driver.manage.window.position.xy=driver.manage.window.position.y# Or store the dimensions and query them laterrect=driver.manage.window.rectx1=rect.xy1=rect.y
fromseleniumimportwebdriverdriver=webdriver.Chrome()# Navigate to urldriver.get("http://www.example.com")# Returns and base64 encoded string into imagedriver.save_screenshot('./image.png')driver.quit()
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;vardriver=newChromeDriver();driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");Screenshotscreenshot=(driverasITakesScreenshot).GetScreenshot();screenshot.SaveAsFile("screenshot.png",ScreenshotImageFormat.Png);// Format values are Bmp, Gif, Jpeg, Png, Tiff
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://example.com/'# Takes and Stores the screenshot in specified pathdriver.save_screenshot('./image.png')end
fromseleniumimportwebdriverfromselenium.webdriver.common.byimportBydriver=webdriver.Chrome()# Navigate to urldriver.get("http://www.example.com")ele=driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,'h1')# Returns and base64 encoded string into imageele.screenshot('./image.png')driver.quit()
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;// Webdrivervardriver=newChromeDriver();driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");// Fetch element using FindElementvarwebElement=driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("h1"));// Screenshot for the elementvarelementScreenshot=(webElementasITakesScreenshot).GetScreenshot();elementScreenshot.SaveAsFile("screenshot_of_element.png");
# Works with Selenium4-alpha7 Ruby bindings and aboverequire'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://example.com/'ele=driver.find_element(:css,'h1')# Takes and Stores the element screenshot in specified pathele.save_screenshot('./image.jpg')end
//Creating the JavascriptExecutor interface object by Type castingJavascriptExecutorjs=(JavascriptExecutor)driver;//Button ElementWebElementbutton=driver.findElement(By.name("btnLogin"));//Executing JavaScript to click on elementjs.executeScript("arguments[0].click();",button);//Get return value from scriptStringtext=(String)js.executeScript("return arguments[0].innerText",button);//Executing JavaScript directlyjs.executeScript("console.log('hello world')");
# Stores the header elementheader=driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,"h1")# Executing JavaScript to capture innerText of header elementdriver.execute_script('return arguments[0].innerText',header)
//creating Chromedriver instanceIWebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();//Creating the JavascriptExecutor interface object by Type castingIJavaScriptExecutorjs=(IJavaScriptExecutor)driver;//Button ElementIWebElementbutton=driver.FindElement(By.Name("btnLogin"));//Executing JavaScript to click on elementjs.ExecuteScript("arguments[0].click();",button);//Get return value from scriptStringtext=(String)js.ExecuteScript("return arguments[0].innerText",button);//Executing JavaScript directlyjs.ExecuteScript("console.log('hello world')");
# Stores the header elementheader=driver.find_element(css:'h1')# Get return value from scriptresult=driver.execute_script("return arguments[0].innerText",header)# Executing JavaScript directlydriver.execute_script("alert('hello world')")
// Stores the header element
valheader=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"))// Get return value from script
valresult=driver.executeScript("return arguments[0].innerText",header)// Executing JavaScript directly
driver.executeScript("alert('hello world')")
awaitdriver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/alerts.html');letbase64=awaitdriver.printPage({pageRanges:["1-2"]});// page can be saved as a PDF as below
// await fs.writeFileSync('./test.pdf', base64, 'base64');
options=VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()options.protocol=VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2Foptions.has_resident_key=False# Register a virtual authenticatordriver.add_virtual_authenticator(options)
options=VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()options.protocol=VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.CTAP2options.has_resident_key=Trueoptions.has_user_verification=Trueoptions.is_user_verified=True# Register a virtual authenticatordriver.add_virtual_authenticator(options)# parameters for Resident Credentialcredential_id=bytearray({1,2,3,4})rp_id="localhost"user_handle=bytearray({1})privatekey=urlsafe_b64decode(BASE64__ENCODED_PK)sign_count=0# create a resident credential using above parametersresident_credential=Credential.create_resident_credential(credential_id,rp_id,user_handle,privatekey,sign_count)